The condensation of Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNPA1) is a protein suspected to be a cause of various neurodegenerative diseases, including ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), FTLD (Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration), AD (Alzheimer...
The condensation of Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNPA1) is a protein suspected to be a cause of various neurodegenerative diseases, including ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), FTLD (Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration), AD (Alzheimer’s Disease), and MS (Multiple Sclerosis). We investigated the phase separation of hnRNPA1, fused with a fluorescent protein (mEOS3.2), in E. coli using fluorescence microscopy. Interestingly, the protein showed mostly aggregated when expressing in E. coli without any treatment. This may be caused by negatively charged chemical environment of E. coli due to ATP, RNA, and DNA. Since hnRNPA1 is positively charged (+7.66), charge-charge interactions between hnRNPA1 and these negatively charged biomolecules would induce protein condensation. To examine this hypothesis, we manipulated the concentrations of polyamines, ATP, and RNA in E. coli. Our results revealed that the aggregation of hnRNPA1 exhibited a biphasic response to increasing polyamine concentrations, first increasing and then decreasing, regardless of the polyamine type. With ATP, the aggregation increased up to a certain concentration and then plateaued. Results showed that the aggregation ratio of hnRNPA1 significantly responded to these changes in biomolecule concentrations.
These results suggest that charge-charge interactions play a key role in the condensation of hnRNPA1 protein. This finding highlights the cellular charge environment as a key modulator of hnRNPA1 pathology and a potential
therapeutic target.