Due to the restructuring of global supply chains, the strengthening of protectionism, and the expansion of digital trade, the export environment for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is undergoing structural change. In particular, local SMEs w...
Due to the restructuring of global supply chains, the strengthening of protectionism, and the expansion of digital trade, the export environment for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is undergoing structural change. In particular, local SMEs with limited human and financial resources have become increasingly dependent on public export support policies, as they simultaneously face a shortage of information on overseas markets, high transaction costs, and difficulties in securing sales channels. Central and local governments operate a variety of export support programs, including overseas market development, participation in overseas exhibitions, export business meetings, Alibaba store opening support, fostering export-specialized companies, establishing an export base, and strengthening export capabilities. However, there are inherent limitations in comparing and evaluating the efficiency of these programs based on a single standard, given the heterogeneity of their objectives, structures, and support modalities. Existing studies have largely focused on analyzing policy effects using single performance indicators such as satisfaction or increases in sales and export volumes. As a result, they have not provided sufficient evidence to determine which programs are relatively more efficient under budget constraints or how the policy portfolio should be reorganized.
This study aims to quantitatively analyze the input–output structure of export support programs for SMEs implemented by Jeollanam-do in 2023 and 2024 and to examine the relative efficiency of these programs across years and program types, thereby suggesting ways to improve the design and operation of local governments’ export support policies. This study uses survey data on satisfaction and performance of overseas marketing support programs conducted by the Office of International Cooperation of Jeollanam-do in 2023 and 2024.
The analysis covers seven programs implemented for SMEs located in Jeollanam-do: Overseas market development, participation in overseas exhibitions, export business meetings, Alibaba store opening support, fostering export-specialized companies, establishing an export base, and strengthening export capabilities. Each program is defined as a decision-making unit, with program-specific support budgets and the number of participating firms set as input variables, and operational satisfaction and performance satisfaction set as output variables. This design is intended to define efficient programs as those that generate higher satisfaction and outcomes given the same level of input. As the analytical method, the study employs data envelopment analysis (DEA), a non-parametric efficiency analysis technique. Specifically, a constant returns-to-scale CCR model, a variable returns-to-scale BCC model, and a slack-based measure (SBM) model that explicitly incorporates slack are estimated in an output-oriented framework. Based on these estimations, CCR efficiency, BCC efficiency, scale efficiency, and SBM super-efficiency scores are derived to examine program efficiency across years and program types in a multifaceted manner.
The empirical analysis yields the following main findings. In 2023, the programs for export business meetings, Alibaba store opening support, and fostering export-specialized companies exhibited relatively high efficiency in terms of both satisfaction and performance, whereas the programs for overseas market development, participation in overseas exhibitions, establishing an export base, and strengthening export capabilities were identified as inefficient, with low output relative to input. Alibaba store opening support and the program for fostering export-specialized companies remained highly efficient in 2024, confirming them as a group of high-efficiency programs. In contrast, overseas exhibition and trade mission programs recorded low efficiency scores in both years, indicating the need for structural improvement. The program for establishing an export base showed some improvement in efficiency in 2024, but imbalances between the scale of input and output still persisted. The strengthening export capabilities program was classified as an output-inefficient type, with relatively high operational satisfaction but low performance efficiency. This result is interpreted as reflecting the structural characteristics of education- and consulting-oriented programs, the outcomes of which are not easily translated into short-term export performance. Cross-analysis of efficiency based on satisfaction and performance identified four types of programs: high-satisfaction/high-efficiency, high-satisfaction/low-efficiency, low-satisfaction/high-efficiency, and low-satisfaction/low-efficiency, and showed that each type requires differentiated policy responses.
The implications of this study are threefold. First, it underscores the need to introduce a dual evaluation framework that combines satisfaction (perceived quality) and efficiency (output relative to input) in assessing export support policies for SMEs. This is because efficiency may vary depending on the input structure, even when satisfaction is at the same level, and conversely, satisfaction may differ depending on firms’ expectations and experiences, even when efficiency is similar. Second, the study suggests structuring export support programs into exploratory, matching, and capability-enhancement types, and building a staged export support system that progresses from basic support to market development and further to advanced support, while pursuing optimization at the portfolio level and clarifying the division of roles among programs. Third, it emphasizes that, in reorganizing the export support portfolio of Jeollanam-do, digital transformation should be adopted as a core axis, increasing the share of digital programs such as online platform entry, digital marketing, and non-face-to-face export consultation, while strengthening linkages with offline programs.
At the same time, this study has several limitations. The analysis is confined to two years, 2023 and 2024, and uses performance satisfaction as a proxy for export performance, which constrains the scope of interpretation. In addition, the selection of input and output variables does not fully capture firms’ inherent capabilities and qualitative outcomes. Future research needs to conduct multidimensional efficiency analysis that incorporates objective performance indicators and intermediate outcomes, such as export growth rates, the number of newly acquired buyers, and contract conclusion rates, and to refine the evaluation of local governments’ export support policies by adopting a mixed-methods approach that combines dynamic DEA with qualitative research. Despite these limitations, this study has academic and practical significance in that it applies DEA to export support programs for SMEs in Jeollanam-do, proposes an efficiency evaluation framework that simultaneously considers satisfaction and performance, and derives implications for the appropriateness of program operation and directions for improvement through comparative analysis across years and programs.
Keywords: Jeollanam-do, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, Export Support Policy, Data Envelopment Analysis, efficiency, satisfaction