The chronological framework for the Paleolithic in Korea can be divided into two perspectives. One views it as an Early-Late sequence, while the other considers it a Middle-Late sequence. Each framework plays a significant role in shaping the broader ...
The chronological framework for the Paleolithic in Korea can be divided into two perspectives. One views it as an Early-Late sequence, while the other considers it a Middle-Late sequence. Each framework plays a significant role in shaping the broader chronological understanding of Korea, and regional studies have been conducted based on these systems. In the Yeongsan River basin, however, a gap exists between the Middle Paleolithic and the transitional phase from the Middle to the Late Paleolithic due to insufficient data.
The Yeongsan River basin represents an environment in which the pebble-tool tradition persisted continuously from the early Middle Paleolithic through the late Upper Paleolithic. Absolute dating indicates that 11 sites with 12 cultural layers belong to the Middle Paleolithic. This study examines the selection of raw materials in relation to site location and explores the technological systems of stone tool production based on selected materials. By analyzing tool composition and technological systems, this study aims to fill the chronological gap and refine the subdivision of the Middle Paleolithic in the region.
Site locations were classified into three groups: the main course of the Yeongsan River, its tributaries, and the western coastal area. Middle Paleolithic cultural layers were identified in relation to soil wedges: when a single wedge was formed, the cultural layer was located beneath it; when two wedges were formed, the cultural layer appeared above or coexisted with the second wedge. Within these stratigraphic contexts, absolute dating using OSL places the chronology between MIS 4 and MIS 3.
Most sites yielded artifacts made primarily of quartz and quartzite. Geological maps confirm that the Yeongsan River basin is underlain by granite bedrock. While quartz and quartzite provided suitable raw materials, the introduction of other stones, such as andesite and sandstone, suggests attempts to employ new technologies.
Artifacts from the sites can be categorized into three groups: primary products, core tools, and flakes. Core tools such as choppers and polyhedrons, derived from primary cores, were found at most sites. Flakes and flake tools appeared in varying quantities, ranging from small to large assemblages. Analysis of the cores revealed several technological features. First, the striking platforms of the cores were mainly flat natural surfaces used for flake production. Flake production began by preparing striking platforms directly on these natural surfaces. Second, intentional efforts were made to detach large numbers of flakes. Third, flat working surfaces were repeatedly reused for flake production.
Based on raw material patterns and tool composition, the Middle Paleolithic of the Yeongsan River basin can be divided into two phases. Phase I is characterized by the use of quartz and quartzite, with choppers and polyhedrons dominating the pebble-tool tradition. Phase II continues the use of quartz and quartzite but incorporates new raw materials. Core tools such as polyhedrons remain in use, while hand axes also appear. Compared with Phase I, flake utilization increases, with elongated flakes showing longitudinal orientation. These flakes were further modified into scrapers, notched tools, and denticulates, marking increased use of flake tools. These characteristics indicate the development of a flake-tool tradition.
Phase II of the Middle Paleolithic developed on the foundation established during Phase I. The Yeongsan River basin thus represents a conservative environment in which the pebble-tool tradition persisted while lithic technology advanced.