(The) Impact of Weather and Air Quality on Tourists’ Movement Behavior : Spatial Econometric Analysis

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Environmental factors affect tourists' overall satisfaction and tourism experience
and influence decision-making, demand, and behavior. In tourism research, various
aspects have been studied to understand the effect of weather and air quality on
tourism. However, research considering actual movement behavior within tourism
destinations needs to be sufficiently investigated. In addition, research considering the
spatial and temporal aspects has yet to be widely conducted concerning the weather and
air quality in tourism. In particular, although it has been proven that interactions
between adjacent regions occur regarding tourism geography, few studies deal with
spatial spillover effect. Therefore, this study demonstrates the effect of environmental
factors on daily visitors for 580 days in 41 districts located on Jeju Island. Moreover,
this study applied Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) to confirm the impact of environmental
factors on a local area and approved that the spillover effect occurred. As a result of
the study, it was confirmed that when the number of tourists in a specific area
increases due to weather and air quality, it negatively affects the surrounding area. On
the other hand, when the environmental factors at the tourism destinations negatively
affect the number of tourists in a local district, demand in adjacent areas increases. This
indicates that competition exists among adjacent regions. This study is meaningful in
that it investigated the effect of environmental factors on actual movement behavior and
proved that the weather and air quality affect the adjacent areas as well. In addition,
based on the results of this study, it is expected to provide insights to DMOs to
manage destinations efficiently and deliver environmental information effectively to
tourists.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 1. Introduction ··························································································································· 7
• 2. Literature Review ··············································································································· 11
• 2.1 Tourism Movement Behavior ····················································································· 11
• 2.2 Impact of the Environmental factors on Tourism ··················································· 13
• 2.2.1 Weather and climate of the destination ··························································· 13
• 2.2.2 Air Quality of the Destination ············································································ 16
• 2.3 Spatial Spillover Effects of the Environmental factors in tourism ······················· 19
• 2.3.1 Spatial Spillover Effects of the climate and weather ······································ 19
• 2.3.2 Spatial Spillover Effects of the Air pollution ················································· 20
• 3. Methodology ························································································································ 21
• 3.1 Study Area ····················································································································· 21
• 3.2 Variables and Data source ··························································································· 23
• 3.2.1 Dependent Variable ······························································································· 23
• 3.2.2 Independent Variable ·························································································· 24
• 3.2.2.1 Weather Indicators ·························································································· 24
• 3.2.2.2 Air Quality Indicators ···················································································· 25
• 3.2.3 Control Variable ·································································································· 27
• 3.3 Data Analysis ··········································································································· 29
• 3.3.1 Geographic Information System (GIS) Interpolation ······································ 29
• 3.3.1.1 Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) ···························································· 31
• 3.3.1.2 Kriging ··········································································································· 32
• 3.3.1.3 Interpolation Method Selection ··································································· 33
• 3.3.1.4 Geographic Information System (GIS) Interpolation Result ······················ 33
• 3.3.2 Data Pre-processing ······························································································ 36
• 3.3.2.1 Navigation Data ······························································································ 36
• 3.3.2.2 Weather Data ·································································································· 37
• 3.3.2.3 Air Quality Data ·························································································· 38
• 3.3.2.4 POI Data ········································································································· 39
• - 2 -
• 3.3.2.5 Panel Data Creation ······················································································· 40
• 3.3.2.6 Summary of Variables ··················································································· 41
• 3.3.3 Spatial Weight Matrix ·························································································· 42
• 3.3.4 Test for Spatial Autocorrelation ·········································································· 43
• 3.3.5 Model Specification Process ················································································ 44
• 3.3.6 Spatial Econometrics Model ················································································ 45
• 4. Result
• 4.1 Descriptive Analysis ···································································································· 46
• 4.1.1 Data Description ·································································································· 46
• 4.1.2 Number of Average Daily Visitors in each District ······································ 48
• 4.1.3 The total Number of Monthly visitors in Jeju ··············································· 49
• 4.1.4 Distribution of Weather Indicators ······································································ 50
• 4.1.5 Distribution of Air Quality Indicators ······························································ 51
• 4.2 Correlation of variables ······························································································ 52
• 4.3 Spatial Weight Matrix Specification ········································································· 53
• 4.4 Spatial Autocorrelation (Moran’s I) ·········································································· 54
• 4.5 Model Specification ······································································································· 55
• 4.6 Result of Spatial Durbin Model Analysis ································································ 56
• 4.6.1 Weather Indicators ······························································································ 56
• 4.6.2 Air Quality Indicators ························································································ 57
• 5. Discussion and Conclusion ·································································································· 59
• 5.1 Theoritical Contribution ···························································································· 62
• 5.2 Practical Contribution ·································································································· 62
• 5.3 Methodological Contribution ···················································································· 62
• 5.4 Limitations ······················································································································ 63
• 6. References ····························································································································· 64