The initial stages of the Imjin War saw the Joseon army suffer successive defeats, including the fall of Busanjinseong Fortress and the devastating loss at the Battle of Ch’ungju. Consequently, intense discussions regarding the king’s flight ensue...
The initial stages of the Imjin War saw the Joseon army suffer successive defeats, including the fall of Busanjinseong Fortress and the devastating loss at the Battle of Ch’ungju. Consequently, intense discussions regarding the king’s flight ensued within the court. Opposition to the flight to Uiju was rooted in the preservation of the Jongmyo Shrine, Confucian filial piety, and the pragmatic concern over public alienation. Ultimately, King Seonjo enshrined the ancestral tablets from Jongmyo and Sajik, dispatched princes to gather loyalist troops, and headed for Uiju. This flight to Uiju process was marked by extreme chaos. Historical records describe the suffering of the king, officials, and the populace alike, illustrating the severe disruption of the state’s command system due to the rampaging Hwanghae-do conscripted soldiers and desertion by officials. The populace even exhibited anti-monarchical behavior, perceiving officials as enemies and threatening them. Upon arriving in Uiju, King Seonjo lamented the lack of loyalty, expressing deep disappointment and anxiety over the alienation of the public.
During the periods of the light to Uiju and subsequent return to the capital, the populace faced a harsh reality of struggling for survival. Local people were slow to learn of the king’s flight and focused intensely on their immediate survival rather than the king’s safety. The widespread dissemination of rumors concerning the war fueled public anxiety and unrest. Moreover, even amidst the war, the incompetence and corrupt practices of local officials persisted. Numerous officials fled, expropriated provisions from the populace, and even usurped the achievements of righteous armies for their own glory, thus being perceived as internal enemies worse than the Japanese invaders.
The intervention of the Ming army was a decisive factor in turning the tide of the war, yet it brought further suffering to the Joseon people. The enormous demand for supplies and food to support the Ming army depleted the already exhausted economic resources of the populace. As the Ming army engaged in various abuses, including murder, assault, and plunder, the people came to regard them not as saviors but as objects of “surprise and fear.” In particular, the preferential supply of provisions to the Ming army led to such severe food shortages that instances of cannibalism reportedly occurred.
King Seonjo’s flight to Uiju served as a catalyst for revealing the multifaceted agency of the Joseon people in the extreme circumstances of the Imjin War. Amidst the irresponsibility of government forces, desperate righteous armies emerged to protect local communities, while anger at the incompetence of the royal family and ruling class manifested in anti-monarchical acts such as setting fire to palaces and burning slave registries. Furthermore, as the state’s command system and social order crumbled, the populace engaged in acts of betrayal and collaboration, including handing over princes to the Japanese army or plundering their own
compatriots. The Imjin War profoundly disrupted the existing relationship between the state and its people. The populace, too, vividly demonstrated a changed perception of the king and the state.
In conclusion, King Seonjo’s flight to Uiju during the Imjin War revealed that the Joseon people were no longer mere objects of power, but historical agents acting according to their survival and interests. These proactive behaviors and responses of the populace offer crucial insights for understanding the true conditions of Joseon society during the Imjin War and for reinterpreting history from the perspective of people’s history.