In this study, membrane autopsy was performed on reverse osmosis (RO) membranes retrieved from an actual semiconductor zero liquid discharge (ZLD) wastewater treatment system to comprehensively evaluate fouling characteristics and membrane surface and...
In this study, membrane autopsy was performed on reverse osmosis (RO) membranes retrieved from an actual semiconductor zero liquid discharge (ZLD) wastewater treatment system to comprehensively evaluate fouling characteristics and membrane surface and performance changes induced by chemical cleaning. Semiconductor wastewater contains complex mixtures of silica, organic matter, inorganic salts, and metal ions which make RO membrane fouling a critical limiting factor for process efficiency and stable operation.
The retrieved RO membranes were analyzed according to their positions within the module (front, middle, and tail). A combined cleaning strategy consisting of citric acid (1.0) pretreatment followed by EDTA·4NA (0.5%) application was applied to the front and middle sections, whereas a single agent cleaning condition using EDTA·4NA (0.5%) alone was applied to the tail section. Fouling removal behavior before and after cleaning was quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated using SED-EDS, AFM, ATR-FTIR, XRD and contact angle analysis.
SEM and EDS analyses showed that, prior to cleaning, the membrane surfaces were predominantly covered with inorganic scale and metal-based fouling dominated by Ca and F, with Ca accounting for approximately 36 wt%. After chemical cleaning, distinct position-dependent removal behaviors were observed: in the front and middle sections, citric acid pretreatment followed by EDTA·4NA application reduced the Ca content to below 2 wt%, whereas in the tail section, where fouling accumulation was relatively limited, single agent EDTA·4NA (0.5%) cleaning was sufficient to decrease the Ca content to below 1 wt%. These results demonstrate that chemical cleaning effectively removed inorganic scale-dominated fouling layers and restored the intrinsic membrane surface.
AFM analysis revealed a significant reduction in surface roughness following cleaning, while ATR-FTIR spectra showed the disappearance of fouling related characteristics peaks and the exclusive presence of intrinsic membrane material peaks associated with polyamide and polysulfone (PSf). XRD analysis indicated that crystalline inorganic scale peaks observed before cleaning were substantially reduced, and amorphous diffraction features corresponding to the membrane selective layer become dominant after cleaning, suggesting that fouling removal was achieved without structural damage to the membrane. Contact angle measurements further confirmed recovery of membrane surface wettability after cleaning, with low contact angle in the range of 23-26° observed across all membrane sections.
In addition, ion chromatography (IC) analysis was conducted to evaluate the rejection performance of major ions (Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, F-, and Cl-) based on permeate collected after RO operation at a recovery rate of 95% using real semiconductor wastewater as the feed. The results showed that high ion rejection efficiencies were maintained after chemical cleaning, with divalent ions and major anions exhibiting rejection rates exceeding approximately 95%, indicating that the applied cleaning strategies did not adversely affect the selective separation performance of the RO membranes.
This study is distinguished from conventional laboratory scale investigations by its field-based analysis of RO membranes operated under actual industrial conditions. The finding highlights the importance of positions specific chemical cleaning strategies based on fouling characteristics and provide practical insights for improving the efficiency of RO based semiconductor wastewater reuse processes and for developing optimized membrane cleaning and maintenance strategies.