In this study, we report, for the first time, the fabrication of a microscale microballoon mixer using a precision DLP 3D printer and PDMS thin films, followed by performance optimization through flow visualization and subsequent validation.
Microscal...
In this study, we report, for the first time, the fabrication of a microscale microballoon mixer using a precision DLP 3D printer and PDMS thin films, followed by performance optimization through flow visualization and subsequent validation.
Microscale mixing plays a critical role in various applications, including lab-on-a-chip and μTAS (Micro Total Analysis Systems), and has been extensively studied. However, in microscale flows, the low Reynolds number results in laminar characteristics, making convection-based mixing inefficient. To overcome this limitation, both active and passive mixing strategies have been developed. Among them, cavitation microstreaming, which mixes fluids via oscillating bubbles, offers rapid and effective mixing with simple fabrication. Nevertheless, this approach suffers from instability of the water-air interface, leading to rapid submergence (<10 min) and limiting practical applications.
To address this drawback, we developed a microballoon mixer in which a PDMS thin film is inflated and oscillated in place of bubbles. The PDMS was spin-coated onto a petri dish and transferred onto the DLP 3D-printed substrate via an imprinting method. By optimizing spin-coating speed and duration without usingsolvents, we successfully fabricated PDMS films as thin as 860 nm. The microballoons were inflated using a syringe pump.
To actuate the microballoon mixer, a piezoelectric actuator was employed, with the resonance frequency measured and applied using the EMIS method. Flow visualization using fluorescent nanoparticles and a high-speed camera was performed to optimize the mixing performance. The optimal operating conditions were determined to be a PDMS membrane thickness of 40 μm, a microballoon diameter of 0.8 mm, and an excitation voltage of 60 Vpp. Notably, even after 6 hours, despite the deflation of the inflated microballoon (0.78 mm → 0.35 mm), excellent mixing performance was maintained. Under these conditions, a 6 μL ink droplet was fully homogenized in 600 μL of water within 32 seconds. To demonstrate the practical utility of the microballoon mixer, DNA extraction experiments were conducted using K562 cells. The extracted DNA exhibited concentration and purity comparable to those obtained with a commercial kit, while reducing the extraction time by a factor of three. PCR and gel electrophoresis further confirmed the integrity and usability of the extracted DNA.
Based on the demonstrated effective mixing performance of the fabricated microballoon mixer, this platform is expected to find broad applications in various microscale fluidic systems in the future.