In this study, we investigated the influence of defect states formed in β-Ga2O3 single crystals on charge transport and Schottky diode characteristics. β-Ga2O3 is a wide-bandgap semiconductor with strong potential for applications in extreme environ...
In this study, we investigated the influence of defect states formed in β-Ga2O3 single crystals on charge transport and Schottky diode characteristics. β-Ga2O3 is a wide-bandgap semiconductor with strong potential for applications in extreme environments covering both high and low temperature regimes. However, the actual device performance is highly sensitive to the amount of defects generated during crystal growth and to the degree of compensation between donors and acceptors. Therefore, understanding how defect distributions affect electrical behavior and establishing strategies for precise defect control are essential.
In this study, we analyzed two types of single-crystal samples with different acceptor/donor ratios to understand how defect states influence high-field diode characteristics and temperature-dependent conduction mechanisms. In samples with high concentrations of both donors and acceptors, resulting in a high compensation ratio, localized defect states were densely distributed, forming abundant conduction pathways. In such sample, the carrier concentration did not completely freeze out even at low temperatures, allowing hopping conduction paths to remain active and enabling stable diode operation over a wide temperature range. However, the high defect density led to strong local electric-field concentration around specific defect sites, which significantly reduced the breakdown voltage under high electric-field conditions.
In contrast, sample with reduced concentrations of both donors and acceptors exhibited a lower defect density and a lower compensation ratio. In these low-defect samples, the electric-field distribution became more uniform, resulting in an enhanced breakdown voltage. As the temperature decreased, donor ionization was increasingly suppressed, leading to a rapid reduction in the number of conduction-band electrons and a transition in the dominant conduction mechanism to hopping transport between localized defect states. This transition proceeded from nearest-neighbor hopping, dominated by hopping between spatially adjacent defect states, to Mott variable range hopping at lower temperatures, where electrons preferentially hop to energetically closer states over longer distances. At the lowest temperatures, Efros–Shklovskii variable range hopping (ES VRH), governed by Coulomb interactions between localized states, became the dominant transport mechanism.
Notably, in the low-temperature regime where ES VRH dominates, the electrical response to an external magnetic field became significantly enhanced. In samples with high defect density and high compensation, the hopping network was overly dense, resulting in negligible magnetic-field-induced changes. In contrast, low-defect samples with sparse hopping networks exhibited pronounced magnetic-field dependence, as the applied magnetic field restricted the electronic trajectories and modified the diode behavior. These results demonstrate that defect structures not only determine the number of available conduction paths but also govern the degree of electronic localization and the effective hopping distance under magnetic fields. This highlights the strong coupling between hopping transport and magnetic-field effects in low-defect β-Ga2O3 crystals.
Taken together, our results establish that the density and relative ratio of defect states in β-Ga2O3 are key factors governing high-field breakdown voltage, temperature-dependent conduction mechanisms, and low-temperature magnetic-field dependence. By appropriately controlling acceptor/donor compensation, the density and topology of the defect network can be engineered, enabling simultaneous optimization of high electric field reliability, wide-temperature range operation, and magnetic-field responsive charge transport.
This study experimentally demonstrates that defect engineering plays a critical role not only in improving the performance of β-Ga2O3 based power devices but also in realizing novel operation modes under cryogenic and magnetic-field environments.