친환경 선박 연료의 화재 특성 분석을 통한 FTP Code 개선 방향에 관한 연구

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The Marine Environment Protection Committee(MEPC) of the International Maritime Organization(IMO) adopted the Initial Greenhouse Gas(GHG) Reduction Strategy at its 72nd session, and subsequently revised it at the 80th session in 2023 to advance the reduction time-line and strengthen its targets. According to the revised strategy, the IMO aims to reduce annual GHG emissions by 70% by 2040 and ultimately achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. In line with these strengthened environmental regulations, the development of technologies related to eco-friendly fuel propulsion systems such as LNG, — methanol, ammonia, and hydrogen is rapidly progressing. This study examines whether current regulations sufficiently address these technological changes, focusing particularly on the adequacy of fire protection regulations designed to prevent flame spread during fire incidents. The International Code for Application of Fire Test Procedures(FTP Code) aims to prevent the spread of fire from one compartment to another within a ship, thereby ensuring sufficient evacuation time. The Code specifies fire resistance test methods and criteria for materials used onboard, adopting the Standard Heating Curve based on cellulose-fueled fires. As defined in ISO 834-1:2014, the standard heating curve represents typical fires fueled by wood, paper, or textiles, where the rate of temperature rise is relatively moderate and the maximum temperature stabilizes around 900 1000 .℃– In this study, to propose potential revisions to the FTP Code through comparative analysis of flame temperatures by fuel type, fire simulations were conducted using Pyrosim for LNG, methanol, ammonia, and hydrogen. The flame temperatures and fire characteristics of each fuel were analyzed, and the applicability of the standard heating curve currently used in the FTP Code was evaluated. The Results showed that the flame temperatures of eco-friendly fuels were significantly higher than those of cellulose-based(wood) fires represented by the standard curve, indicating that the existing FTP Code model may not adequately reflect the characteristics of these new fuels. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the adequacy of the current FTP Code in ensuring fire safety for ships using eco-friendly fuels and to propose potential improvements that may be reflected in future IMO regulation revisions, thereby contributing to enhanced fire safety in the era of decarbonization and strengthened environmental policies. Keywords : FTP Code, Eco-friendly fuel, Fire characteristics, Pyrosim, Standard Heating Curve, Hydrocarbon Fire Curve

목차 (Table of Contents)

• List of Tables·ⅳ
• List of Figures·ⅴ
• Nomenclature·ⅵ
• ABSTRACT·ⅶ
• 1. 서론 1
• 1.1 연구 배경 1
• 1.2 연구의 목적 및 필요성 2
• 1.3 연구 내용 4
• 2. 친환경 연료의 특징 6
• 2.1 LNG(Liquefied Natural Gas) 6
• 2.1.1 특징 6
• 2.1.2 사고사례 7
• 2.2 Methanol(Methyl Alcohol) 7
• 2.2.1 특징 7
• 2.2.2 사고사례 8
• 2.3 Ammonia 9
• 2.3.1 특징 9
• 2.3.2 사고사례 9
• 2.4 Hydrogen 10
• 2.4.1 특징 10
• 2.4.2 사고사례 11
• 2.5 정리 및 고찰 11
• 3. 국제 규정 및 선급 요구사항 비교 13
• 3.1 FTP Code 13
• 3.2국제 규정 16
• 3.2.1 IGF Code 16
• 3.2.2 MSC.1/Circ.1621 17
• 3.2.3 MSC.1/Circ.1687 18
• 3.2.4 MSC.1/Circ.1647 18
• 3.2.5 암모니아 및 수소 연료 관련 잠정지침 개발 현황 18
• 3.2.6 정리 및 고찰 19
• 3.3 선급 요구사항 20
• 4. 연료별 화재 특성 분석 및 A-60 성능 검증 21
• 4.1 연료별 화재 최대 온도 비교 시뮬레이션 21
• 4.1.1 시뮬레이션 방법 21
• 4.1.2 연료별 화재 시뮬레이션 결과 23
• 4.1.2.1 셀룰로스계 비교군 : 목재(Oak) 23
• 4.1.2.2 친환경 연료 화재 시뮬레이션 24
• 4.1.3 NFPA 704 기반 인화성 비교 28
• 4.2 A-60급 시험편 시뮬레이션 29
• 4.2.1 FTP Code 기준 적용 A-60급 시험편 검증 29
• 4.2.1.1 시뮬레이션 방법 29
• 4.2.1.2 시뮬레이션 결과 32
• 4.2.2 연료 화재 적용 A-60급 시험편 검증 33
• 4.2.2.1시뮬레이션 방법 33
• 4.2.2.2시뮬레이션 결과 34
• 4.2.3 A-60급 시험편 시뮬레이션 결과 분석 38
• 4.3 수소 화재 가혹 조건(Worst-case) 시뮬레이션 40
• 4.3.1 시뮬레이션 개요 및 방법 40
• 4.3.2 시뮬레이션 결과 분석 40
• 5. FTP Code 개선 방향 제안 42
• 5.1 FTP Code의 개선 필요성 42
• 5.2개선 방향 제안 43
• 5.2.1 A-90급 방화 도입 43
• 5.2.2 탄화수소 화재 곡선(Hydrocarbon Fire Curve) 적용·도입 43
• 5.2.3 고위험 구역에 대한 H급 방화(H-Class Division) 체계 일부 도입 44
• 6. 결론 47
• 참고문헌 49
• 국문초록 53