FGFR (Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that regulates various physiological functions. In normal cells, it plays an essential role in tissue development and homeostasis. However, in the tumor microenvironment, it can be...
FGFR (Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that regulates various physiological functions. In normal cells, it plays an essential role in tissue development and homeostasis. However, in the tumor microenvironment, it can become abnormally activated through gene amplification, overexpression, or mutations. Upon binding with FGF, FGFR undergoes conformational changes that induce phosphorylation in the intracellular kinase domain, thereby activating various downstream signaling pathways such as MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and JAK/STAT. These cascades regulate cellular processes such as proliferation, survival, differentiation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Hyperactivation of FGFR leads to sustained proliferative and survival signaling through its downstream pathways, including Akt, STAT, and ERK, which contributes to tumor growth and the development of resistance to anticancer drugs.
In this study, we utilized the EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line H1975. When comparing the parental H1975 cells and their osimertinib-resistant derivative H1975/OR, we observed increased expression of all FGFR isoforms (FGFR1–4) in the resistant cells. Protein levels of FGFR1 and its downstream signaling molecules were also elevated. Moreover, while Src family kinases have been suggested as downstream regulators of FGFR1 in drug-resistant cancer models, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. To investigate this, we inhibited FGFR1 using siRNA and a pharmacological FGFR inhibitor and analyzed the expression of YES1 and its downstream effectors. As a result, suppression of FGFR1 led to a reduction in the expression of YES1 and its downstream components YAP and TEAD.
To further examine the effect of FGFR1 inhibition on EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition), we analyzed the expression of key EMT markers. Treatment with FGFR1 siRNA or the FGFR inhibitor reduced mRNA levels of Snail, Slug, and Vimentin. To evaluate the functional impact of FGFR1 inhibition on cell behavior, we assessed cell viability, migration, and clonogenic potential in H1975/OR cells. Both siRNA-mediated knockdown and pharmacological inhibition of FGFR1 reduced cell viability and colony-forming ability in a dose-dependent manner. Migration assays revealed that FGFR1 suppression also impaired cell motility. Based on the finding that FGFR1 suppression attenuates YES1–YAP activity, we further examined whether inhibiting YAP alone would mimic these effects. Treatment with the YAP degrader verteporfin significantly reduced cell growth and led to decreased mRNA expression of EMT markers Snail, Slug, and Vimentin in a dose-dependent manner.
Additionally, we observed that FGFR1 inhibition resulted in reduced expression of Nrf2 and its downstream antioxidant genes NQO1, HO-1, and GCLC. Nrf2 is a well-known regulator of antioxidant responses and plays a critical role in tumor progression and the acquisition of drug resistance. To explore whether additional defense mechanisms exist in osimertinib-resistant H1975/OR cells, we examined the expression of FoxO3a. Compared to parental cells, H1975/OR cells exhibited elevated levels of FoxO3a, including its phosphorylated form at Ser7. Upon FGFR1 suppression, both total and phosphorylated FoxO3a levels decreased in a dose-dependent manner, and nuclear fractionation analysis confirmed that nuclear localization of FoxO3a was diminished.
Collectively, our findings demonstrate that FGFR1 and its downstream signaling molecules are upregulated in osimertinib-resistant H1975/OR cells harboring EGFR mutations. Inhibition of FGFR1 not only suppresses these signaling cascades but also reduces cell viability, motility, and colony formation capability. Furthermore, FGFR1 suppression attenuates the activity of the YES1–YAP axis and reduces antioxidant signaling through Nrf2 and stress response through FoxO3a. These results suggest that FGFR1 supports tumor cell survival via multiple mechanisms and that targeting FGFR1 may represent an effective therapeutic strategy to overcome drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer.