With the rapid expansion of electric vehicle adoption and the growing demand for cost reduction in battery systems, lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, LFP) has become widely recognized as a cost-effective cathode material. LFP has attracted considerable...
With the rapid expansion of electric vehicle adoption and the growing demand for cost reduction in battery systems, lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, LFP) has become widely recognized as a cost-effective cathode material. LFP has attracted considerable attention due to its reliance on inexpensive elements such as Fe and P, as well as its excellent safety and long-term cycling stability, which originate from the strong P-O bonds within the (PO4)3- polyanion. However, its intrinsically low lithium-ion diffusivity and electronic conductivity significantly limit its rate performance, posing a major challenge to its practical application.
A well-known strategy to mitigate these drawbacks is to form a carbon coating layer on the surface of LFP particles, which substantially enhances electronic conductivity and improves rate capability. The performance of this carbon coating is highly dependent on the choice of carbon precursors. In this study, glucose and polystyrene were employed as composite carbon sources to optimize the carbon-coating conditions. Furthermore, ferrocene was introduced as an additive to promote the graphitization of the carbon layer and reduce the proportion of amorphous carbon, thereby improving the overall quality of the coating.
As a result, a discharge capacity of approximately 166 mAh·g⁻¹ was achieved at 0.05C, along with a high capacity retention of ~90%, defined as the ratio of the discharge capacity at 1C to that at 0.05C. The structural and compositional characteristics of the carbon coating layer were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, and carbon–sulfur (CS) analysis. In addition, the electrochemical performance of the coated LFP was evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) to elucidate the impact of the carbon coating on cell behavior.
Overall, these results demonstrate that a coating strategy combining composite carbon sources with an appropriate additive is highly effective for developing high-quality carbon-coated LFP cathodes and provides important guidelines for enhancing the performance of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicle applications.