This study aims to identify, through qualitative research, the factors that cause difficulties in cultural adaptation to Korean society and academic adjustment to Korean universities among Kyrgyzstani international students enrolled in Korean higher e...
This study aims to identify, through qualitative research, the factors that cause difficulties in cultural adaptation to Korean society and academic adjustment to Korean universities among Kyrgyzstani international students enrolled in Korean higher education institutions. Furthermore, based on the challenging experiences these Kyrgyzstani students encountered during their processes of cultural and academic adaptation, the study seeks to examine the factors influencing their adjustment and to discuss practical and empirical solutions from the researcher’s perspective. To this end, the following research questions were established.
First, what are the major issues related to cultural adaptation among Kyrgyzstani international students in Korea?
Second, what are the major issues related to academic adaptation among Kyrgyzstani international students in Korea?
In order to answer these questions, this study adopted a qualitative research design using in-depth interviews as the main data collection method with Kyrgyzstani students currently enrolled as second- or third-year undergraduates at Korean universities through the Global Korea Scholarship (GKS) program. GKS scholarship recipients were considered to possess more meaningful experiences for research on academic adaptation than self-funded students, as the scholarship provides an environment that allows them to focus on their studies rather than on earning a livelihood.
The findings of this study are as follows. First, in the social dimension of cultural adaptation, the main difficulties related to age-based cultural differences and a lack of understanding and discrimination toward international students. As Kyrgyzstan, belonging to the Islamic cultural sphere, differs from Korea in its ways of expressing etiquette due to its religious background, Kyrgyzstani students experienced difficulties with Korean greeting practices rooted in their religious beliefs. They also struggled to adapt to Korea’s honorific system, which requires different levels of speech depending on the interlocutor’s age. In addition, they faced hardship in the form of discrimination stemming from the absence of multicultural awareness toward international students. When Kyrgyzstani students revealed themselves as international students to Koreans, they encountered fixed stereotypes about foreign students, which appear to originate from overlooking the national and linguistic diversity of international students enrolled in Korean universities.
Second, in the economic dimension of cultural adaptation, the main challenges were the burden of high rent and living expenses and the complex procedures required for obtaining permission to engage in economic activities. Although they receive scholarships that cover tuition and living costs as GKS scholarship students, they still experience financial difficulties in paying for monthly rent and food. Moreover, since international students on a student visa must go through several steps—such as obtaining approval from their university and authorization from the immigration office—to legally engage in part-time work, they face clear limitations in alleviating their economic hardship.
Third, in the relational dimension of academic adaptation, difficulties were identified in forming relationships with peers and professors. Because Kyrgyzstani students do not consume pork or alcohol, they experienced restrictions when eating or socializing with Korean friends. The analysis suggests that religious reasons significantly hindered the development of deeper friendships with Korean university students. In addition to religious issues, linguistic challenges such as not understanding slang or dialect were also pointed out as limiting factors in relationship building. Furthermore, only a small number of participants reported having close relationships with professors, even though such relationships are a crucial factor in successful academic adaptation for international students. The lack of bidirectional communication between professors and participants and limited contact with academic advisors were found to impede the formation of positive relationships between professors and Kyrgyzstani students.
Fourth, in the learning and linguistic dimension of academic adaptation, the difficulties stemmed from differences in educational systems between Kyrgyzstani and Korean universities and from challenges related to major-specific vocabulary. The participants struggled with adapting to differences in exams, teaching methods, assignments, and assessment systems. All participants reported difficulties with major-related terminology. This suggests that while a high TOPIK level positively influences everyday communication with Koreans, it does not significantly help in understanding discipline-specific vocabulary, and that such vocabulary poses the greatest challenge for international students in their academic coursework.
The conclusions of this study are as follows. First, greater social and policy attention to multiculturalism is required. To address the difficulties arising from cultural and religious differences identified in this study, it is necessary to develop educational programs that help students understand diverse cultures and religions. Through such education, prejudice and misunderstandings can be reduced, and members of Korean universities can be encouraged to adopt more inclusive attitudes toward one another.
Second, welfare systems for international students need to be established. The Korean government has been actively attracting international students for various reasons. In light of the high likelihood that students from developing countries such as Kyrgyzstan face financial difficulties, it is necessary at the governmental level to simplify the procedures for granting part-time work permits to international students and to expand scholarship budgets specifically targeting them. These measures are expected to alleviate international students’ economic hardships and have a positive impact on their settlement in Korea and their satisfaction with university life.
Third, a mentor–mentee program for Kyrgyzstani students should be introduced within Korean universities. Not only Korean society but also Korean universities are becoming increasingly diverse in their composition. One-on-one mentoring between Korean university students and Kyrgyzstani students is expected to have a positive effect on the latter’s academic and cultural adaptation, while fostering global competence and multicultural sensitivity—qualities essential in a multicultural society—among Korean students as well.
Based on the findings of this study, the following suggestions are proposed. First, specialized research is needed to address the difficulties related to religious adaptation. It is necessary to develop educational methodologies for enhancing understanding of diverse religions. In Korea’s multicultural society, where multiple cultures and religions coexist and international students flow in from various countries, there is a clear need for both theoretical and practical research that takes into account the particularities and commonalities of their religious backgrounds. If practical support measures are developed through such specialized research, they could contribute to the successful adaptation of international students with diverse religious beliefs.
Second, research focusing on self-funded international students is needed. This study selected GKS scholarship recipients as national scholarship students as its participants. Because self-funded students generally have fewer economic resources than government-funded students, they are more likely to face not only challenges in academic adaptation but also difficulties related to study continuation and physical and mental health. As the number of international students continues to increase each year—and self-funded students outnumber government-funded students—future research should select self-funded international students as an independent research group for more in-depth investigation and analysis.
Third, quantitative research on Kyrgyzstani international students is required. To more comprehensively analyze the factors and challenges related to their cultural and academic adaptation, the collection of quantitative data and its systematic analysis are essential. Large-scale empirical studies would be meaningful in that they could provide a systematic diagnosis of the adaptation issues faced by Kyrgyzstani students and serve as foundational evidence for developing concrete support policies and services.