Despite expanded higher education in Korea, young graduates still face delayed entry and unequal first-job outcomes. This study addresses limits of prior human-capital-focused work by testing how individual, family, and regional factors affect first-j...
Despite expanded higher education in Korea, young graduates still face delayed entry and unequal first-job outcomes. This study addresses limits of prior human-capital-focused work by testing how individual, family, and regional factors affect first-job outcomes through employment preparation behaviors and major–job match, drawing on human capital, signaling, job search, and status attainment theories.
This study analyzes the 2019 GOMS dataset collected by the Korea Employment Information Service, focusing on young adults aged 18–34 who graduated from two-year colleges or four-year universities nationwide in August 2018 or February 2019. To account for individual conditions as well as family and regional factors and their cross-level differences, the study combines a multilevel mixed model with a Cox proportional hazards model. Mediation is tested using the joint significance test based on the simultaneous significance of path coefficients. Time to first job entry and job tenure are assessed using survival analysis.
The findings are summarized as follows. First, higher GPA is associated with more internship experience, more certificate acquisition, more foreign-language test participation, and more extracurricular participation. GPA is also significantly related to major–job match, initial wage, and entry into regular employment. Second, graduates from higher-income households show higher participation in foreign-language tests and extracurricular activities and tend to receive higher initial wages. In contrast, those whose fathers have at least a college degree show a lower share of regular employment in the first job than those whose fathers have a high-school education or less, and they also show a lower share of transitions into long-term tenure. Third, the advantages linked to capital-region and private universities show up in participation in internships, certifications, foreig n-language testing, and extracurricular activities. However, major–job match is more strongly related to field attributes and grades than to university geography or type, and it contributes to first-job quality through mediation. Fourth, foreign-language test preparation is associated with delayed entry into the first job and shorter tenure. In contrast, major-related and extracurricular activities are linked to higher initial wages, greater chances of regular employment, and longer tenure. Internship experience is only partially related to wages, and certificates are not significant across the first-job outcome measures. Fifth, major–job match shows a significant positive relationship with starting wages, entry into regular employment, and tenure length.
The results indicate that first-job outcomes for young college graduates are shaped not only by individual characteristics but also by family, regional, and university conditions, along with employment preparation behaviors and major–job match. employment preparation should prioritize job-relevant content over sheer volume, with portfolios and practicums designed around practical work. Universities and employers should share role-specific competency and hiring information and standardize job-centered programs to support cumulative skill development. Policy efforts should expand regional industry–university links, hiring-connected practicums, and career-exploration infrastructure to reduce capital-region and private-university advantages.
A limitation is that, in the tenure analysis, respondents who were employed at the time of the survey were treated as right-censored cases, so post-survey career changes could not be observed. Future work should re-test these relationships using more recent data that reflect changes in hiring and employment after COVID-19, and should examine whether effects differ when new variables such as remote work and digital capabilities are included.