This study delves into the transformations that traditional Chinese drama, in a rapidly evolving media landscape, is undergoing as it combines with the modern medium of film and is reborn as a play-film. Over its long history, Chinese drama has evolve...
This study delves into the transformations that traditional Chinese drama, in a rapidly evolving media landscape, is undergoing as it combines with the modern medium of film and is reborn as a play-film. Over its long history, Chinese drama has evolved into a comprehensive art form, combining song and dance, poetry and drama, and visual arts and music. However, as we enter the digital age of the 21st century, China's traditional performing arts are facing a crisis in recording, preservation, and transmission of traditional arts due to a weakening social foundation in response to the demands of the times, a shrinking audience base, and changes in the industrial structure. In this reality, the film adaptation of the play goes beyond a simple attempt at recording or restoration; it carries the meaning of a creative practice that seeks to reinterpret the essence of traditional culture in a new form and expand its vitality.
The purpose of this study is to elucidate the artistic transformation that occurs when traditional drama art combines with cinematic language through drama film, and to analyze the cultural transformation that emerges during this process. Specifically, it illuminates how the symbolic aesthetic system of drama, manifested through stylized performance and stage format, is reconstructed within the visual grammar of film. It also explores how this aesthetic of traditional art is preserved and transformed within contemporary visual art. This was intended to show that the birth of a play film was not simply a combination of media, but rather a modern rebirth of traditional culture through a process of recreation and a process of redefining the value of tradition within contemporary artistic discourse.
The research methodology that serves as the theoretical foundation for this study employs film semiotics, structuralist narrative analysis, and spatial narratology to interpret the stylized symbolic sign systems inherent in dramaturgy and film. The film semiotics approach provides a framework for analyzing how the stylized symbolic images of traditional drama are reinterpreted and given meaning within the visual language. Structuralist narrative analysis is utilized to elucidate how the traditional narrative of drama undergoes a cinematic reconfiguration through adaptation, thereby acquiring a contemporary universality. Furthermore, the perspective of spatial narratology served as an analytical framework for exploring how the limitations inherent in the limited space of a play's performance stage expand spatiotemporally when combined with film. Furthermore, the historical development of the art of drama and the aesthetic characteristics of each period were summarized through a review of various prior studies, and based on this, the academic and cultural significance of the fusion of traditional drama and film were systematically analyzed.
The primary subject of analysis for this study is "The Legend of the White Snake" (白蛇傳), a representative Chinese mythological drama and widely recognized as a classical epic. Since its debut in 1905 as the play-film "Dingjunshan" (定軍山), "The Legend of the White Snake" has undergone numerous adaptations, undergoing various transformations across various eras. Each era's technological advancements, social discourse, and cultural policies have revealed distinct aesthetic characteristics. This study analyzes this process of change by dividing it into five periods. First, the period from 1905 to 1949 was the early exploratory period of cultural transmission, a period characterized by simple visual recordings of stage performances. Second, the period from 1949 to 1966 was the policy-driven period of cultural transmission, a period in which state-led policies strengthened the ideological objectives of traditional arts. Third, the Cultural Revolution (1966-1978) was a period of survival for cultural transmission. It examines how traditional arts struggled to maintain their legacy despite strict regulations and restrictions, as well as potential movements toward the restoration of tradition. Fourth, the period from 1978 to 2000 can be seen as a period marked by the marketization of cultural transmission, a period in which commercialism and artistry merged within the market-oriented production environment following China's reform and opening-up policies. Finally, the digital transition period since 2000 has been a period of strengthening the technological capabilities of cultural transmission, and the introduction of cutting-edge video technology, virtual reality, and CG has clarified the process by which traditional narratives have expanded into new audiovisual aesthetics.
The analysis reveals that play-films are not simply reproductions of traditional art forms, but rather represent a fusion and comprehensive art form where tradition and modernity coexist. The stylized performances and virtual stage aesthetics of play are recreated in a new audiovisual language through the film's camera angles, lighting, editing, color, and sound. Through this, traditional aesthetic values are transformed into a modern sensibility. The actors' performances simultaneously embodied psychological depth and symbolism by maintaining traditional norms while embracing cinematic realism, and the stylized makeup and costumes, through their fusion with film technology, functioned not as simple visual devices but as aesthetic symbols that revealed the characters' identities and inner worlds. This cinematic adaptation of traditional dramatic art is considered an artistic innovation that creates a new appreciation system without compromising the play's essence. In particular, the adaptation of "The Tale of Baeksae" confirmed that artistic sensibilities and mythological worldviews are interpreted differently across eras, and that the cinematic device serves the purpose of repositioning the spirit of traditional culture within a modern sensibility. While early works emphasized traditional ethics and morality, works from the later digital era have shifted their focus to encompass narratives of the human mind that transcend the boundaries of existence, reinforcing themes of love and freedom. Through these changes, drama films have become more than mere restorations of classics; they have become a forum for cultural discourse reflecting the zeitgeist.
This study also reexamines the Meilanfang(梅蘭芳) artistic system, a symbolic system of traditional Chinese theater, from the perspective of recording, restoring, and transmitting traditional art. The acting aesthetics established by the Meilanfang system, emphasizing the harmony of form and spirit, still serve as the foundation for creative work in today's digital media. By examining how this traditional system is inherited and transformed in cinematic expression, the researcher demonstrated that drama films can preserve the essence of traditional theater while simultaneously developing into a driving force for modern creation.
In conclusion, this study confirms that drama film is an artistic practice that simultaneously preserves traditional culture and achieves modern innovation. It is not simply a record of traditional art, but a creative process of transformation that redefines the meaning of tradition and expands its value within a new media environment. Dramatic films function as a medium that conveys the cultural genes (cultural genes) embodying Chinese history, aesthetics, ethics, and emotions to the world, combining them with modern technology. They suggest a direction for the globalization of traditional culture and sustainable cultural development. Furthermore, this study proposes a model for the creative inheritance of traditional arts in the age of media convergence, offering practical insights for future research on traditional culture and the creation of visual art.