As of 2025, South Korea has transitioned into a super-aged society, with the elderly population reaching 20.3% of the total. This rapid demographic shift has positioned the mental health of middle-aged and older adults as a critical social agenda; in ...
As of 2025, South Korea has transitioned into a super-aged society, with the elderly population reaching 20.3% of the total. This rapid demographic shift has positioned the mental health of middle-aged and older adults as a critical social agenda; in particular, late-life depression has emerged as a significant social risk, serving as a primary driver of social isolation and suicide. At the root of this mental health crisis lies inadequate preparation for later life and the resulting abrupt environmental changes surrounding retirement. Preparation for later life is an active process of planning across various domains—including finance, health, and social relationships—to ensure stability in post-retirement life. This study posits that the impact of such preparation on depression extends beyond a simple direct effect, operating through multidimensional pathways such as social support and self-efficacy. By examining the sequential transition process where external resources are converted into internal psychological strength, this research aims to provide an empirical basis for integrated mental health interventions.
The primary objective of this study is to identify the impact of preparations for later life on depression among middle-aged and older adults and to verify the sequential dual mediating effects of social support and self-efficacy. To this end, data from the 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 9th waves of the Korean Retirement and Income Study (KReIS) were utilized, with a final sample of 3,578 individuals aged 50 and older who participated in all selected waves. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 25.0, employing descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling (SEM). The significance of the mediating effects was further validated through bootstrapping with phantom variables.
The findings of this study are as follows. First, a significant negative relationship was confirmed between preparations for later life and depression, indicating that multidimensional preparation is a crucial preventive antecedent for mental health. Second, preparations for later life significantly predicted social support and self-efficacy positively, and social support was identified as a vital factor in enhancing self-efficacy. Third, both social support and self-efficacy served as protective factors that significantly reduced depression. Fourth, the results confirmed a significant sequential dual mediating effect, where preparation for later life reduces depression through the successive mediation of social support and self-efficacy. Finally, the effect decomposition revealed that the path in which external social resources are internalized as self-efficacy plays a pivotal role in forming psychological defense mechanisms against depression.
The implications of these findings are threefold. Theoretically, this study extends the literature by clarifying the mechanism through which the effects of later-life preparation reach depression via social and psychological mediators. Practically, the results suggest the need for integrated programs that combine social participation and psychological empowerment, moving beyond traditional finance-oriented counseling. Policy-wise, the study emphasizes the urgency of effective adaptation support, such as strengthening physical activity incentive systems and establishing digital competency support frameworks. Despite these contributions, the study has certain limitations: caution is required regarding causal interpretation due to time gaps in panel data measurement, and the use of secondary data limited the inclusion of recent indicators such as digital literacy. Future research should incorporate multi-group analysis reflecting cohort characteristics and nationwide longitudinal observations.