As one of the core art forms of Chinese civilization, calligraphy not only embodies the formal beauty of written characters but also conveys profound intellectual and spiritual values. Among the various script types, cursive script (caoshu), with its ...
As one of the core art forms of Chinese civilization, calligraphy not only embodies the formal beauty of written characters but also conveys profound intellectual and spiritual values. Among the various script types, cursive script (caoshu), with its freely flowing brushwork and strong expressive force, has exerted a lasting influence throughout the East Asian sinographic cultural sphere. With the spread of Chinese characters, Chinese cursive script was transmitted to the Korean Peninsula, where it was reinterpreted and practiced within a society dominated by Confucian thought. Joseon literati, guided by the principle of “using calligraphy to convey the Dao,” absorbed Chinese brush techniques and formal conventions while endowing cursive script with ethical and self-cultivational significance. As a result, a localized cursive style emerged that integrated rational order with aesthetic expression. For this reason, examining the process through which Korean cursive script accepted, transformed, and internalized the Chinese cursive tradition constitutes a crucial task for understanding Sino–Korean cultural interaction and artistic re-creation.
This study adopts an interdisciplinary approach that integrates calligraphy history, cultural history, and intellectual history. Through textual analysis, visual comparison, and theoretical interpretation, it systematically investigates the transmission, reception, and localization of Chinese cursive script during the Joseon dynasty. First, it traces the developmental trajectory of Chinese cursive script from Han dynasty clerical cursive (zhangcao) and standard cursive (jincao) to Tang dynasty wild cursive (kuangcao), thereby establishing the formal system and aesthetic principles of Chinese cursive calligraphy. Second, it analyzes the mechanisms through which the calligraphic style of Zhao Mengfu was introduced from late Goryeo to early Joseon, revealing how the “Songxue style” was disseminated and reconfigured among the royal court and the literati class. Third, it examines the transformation of cursive script in the Confucianized society of mid-Joseon, elucidating how calligraphy, under the concept of “governing the brush through principle,” shifted from emotional expression to ethical symbolism. Finally, it explores the formation of epigraphic–model synthesis and individualized styles in late Joseon, demonstrating how calligraphers such as Kim Jeong-hui re-created cursive script through the influence of epigraphic studies.
The findings indicate that the development of Joseon cursive script underwent a three-stage progression of “acceptance, transformation, and self-realization.” In late Goryeo, the archaizing style of Zhao Mengfu was transmitted through King Chungseon and literati circles, establishing a foundation of rationality and elegance. In early Joseon, figures such as Prince Anpyeong Yi Yong and Bak Paengnyeon infused Neo-Confucian principles into brushwork, transforming the “Songxue style” into a Confucianized “Joseon Songxue style.” During the mid-Joseon period, under the combined influence of Neo-Confucianism and Yangming Learning, cursive script evolved into a system that balanced formal discipline with inner moral cultivation; scholars such as Kim Gu and Yi Hwang advocated “regulating qi through principle,” positioning cursive script as a means of self-cultivation. In the late Joseon period, through the efforts of calligraphers such as Yun Sun and Kim Jeong-hui, the introduction of epigraphic thought broke away from the softness of model-based traditions, restoring structural strength and dynamic force to cursive script and completing a transformation from literati imitation to scholarly innovation.
Overall, while assimilating Chinese traditions, Joseon cursive script restrained emotion through rationality and regulated art through ethical principles, thereby forming a distinctive aesthetic system characterized by “emotion embedded within law and inner nature revealed through principle.” This evolution was not merely a result of stylistic change but rather a product of the integration of Confucian thought and artistic spirit, reflecting the process through which Joseon literati established cultural subjectivity through calligraphy.
In conclusion, the development of Korean cursive script was not a subordinate extension of Chinese calligraphy but rather a profound act of cultural re-creation. The transmission and self-realization of cursive script in Joseon reveal the pathways through which foreign art forms were Confucianized, institutionalized, and spiritualized within a local context. With formal discipline as its structural foundation and expressive vitality as its animating force, Joseon cursive script embodies the coexistence of rationality and sensibility within the East Asian calligraphic tradition. This study not only fills gaps in the history of Sino–Korean calligraphic exchange but also clarifies the mechanisms of artistic reproduction in cross-cultural contexts, offering new scholarly perspectives on the independent status and spiritual value of Korean calligraphy within the East Asian art system.