Tourism destination accessibility constitutes the starting point of tourism activity and a fundamental determinant of the quality of the tourism experience. For tourists to plan and carry out activities at a destination, they require not only physical...
Tourism destination accessibility constitutes the starting point of tourism activity and a fundamental determinant of the quality of the tourism experience. For tourists to plan and carry out activities at a destination, they require not only physical mobility but also multidimensional accessibility—including the availability and accuracy of information, the experiential environment, and the adequacy of convenience facilities. These forms of accessibility directly and indirectly influence the extent to which tourists convert planned activities into actual behaviors, participate in diverse experiences, spend resources, and ultimately evaluate their overall satisfaction. However, prior research has largely confined the notion of accessibility to physical elements such as transportation and distance and has addressed only its fragmented effects on tourism satisfaction. The present study expands this perspective by conceptualizing tourism accessibility as a multidimensional construct comprising information, experiential, and convenience accessibility, and by analyzing its relationships with tourism activity conversion rate, participation level, tourism spending, and overall satisfaction. Additionally the study examined whether tourist nationality moderates these relationships in the context of foreign visitor behavior in Korea.
The analysis utilized raw data from the 2024 Korea Foreign Visitor Survey, an official national statistics dataset conducted by the Korea Culture and Tourism Institute (Approval No. 11303). From 16,216 valid responses, 384 FIT tourists aged 20 or older—who stayed in Seoul for 3–5 nights, visited for leisure/recreation/rest purposes, were first-time visitors to Korea, and held citizenship from China, Japan, the United States, or Taiwan—were selected for final analysis. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 29.0 and PROCESS Macro 5.0 and included frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability tests, multiple regression, hierarchical regression, and mediation/interaction testing. Tourism accessibility was measured across three subdimensions, while the activity conversion rate was calculated as the weighted degree of alignment between planned and actual activities.
The major findings are as follows.
First, tourism accessibility significantly influenced the activity conversion rate. Information accessibility exhibited a positive effect, indicating that greater accuracy and usability of tourism information increased the likelihood that planned activities would be realized. Conversely, experiential and convenience accessibility exerted negative effects, suggesting that dense experiential schedules or convenience-oriented itineraries may reduce the realized proportion of planned activities due to time and mobility constraints. Second, tourism accessibility significantly affected the level of activity participation, with experiential accessibility emerging as the strongest predictor. This indicates that environments enabling easy engagement in hands-on or immersive activities promote wider and more diverse participation. Third, neither the activity conversion rate nor participation level had a significant direct effect on tourism spending or overall satisfaction, and tourism spending itself did not significantly influence satisfaction. However, participation level fully mediated the relationship between accessibility and spending, showing that accessibility-induced increases in participation can indirectly lead to higher spending. Fourth, neither activity conversion nor participation served as significant mediators between accessibility and overall satisfaction when examined in sequential (double mediation) models. Moreover, the pathways involving accessibility → activity conversion/participation → spending → satisfaction were statistically insignificant, indicating that accessibility influences satisfaction primarily through direct perceptual mechanisms rather than behavioral or spending pathways. Fifth, nationality did not significantly moderate the relationship between tourism spending and overall satisfaction. Although multicollinearity issues caused the Chinese interaction term to drop from the regression model, none of the nationality groups (China, Japan, the United States, Taiwan) showed statistically meaningful moderating effects. Finally, a clear negative association was observed between activity conversion rate and participation level. Tourists who realized a higher proportion of their planned activities tended to participate less in additional or unplanned experiences, whereas those who engaged widely in diverse activities showed lower rates of plan realization. This inverse relationship reflects a structural trade-off between efficiency and diversity in time- and schedule-constrained tourism environments.
Overall, these findings demonstrate that tourism destination accessibility functions not only as a logistical factor but as a structural determinant shaping the efficiency and experiential richness of tourist activities. Activity conversion rate and participation level operate as complementary behavioral indicators—capturing plan execution and experiential diversity—that jointly reflect the dynamic and constrained decision-making processes of tourists.
From a theoretical perspective, the study reframes tourism accessibility as a multidimensional construct extending beyond physical mobility, incorporating information, experiential, and convenience dimensions. By empirically validating the inverse relationship between activity conversion and participation, the study reveals a dynamic behavioral mechanism in which efficiency and experiential variety coexist under temporal, spatial, and cognitive constraints. These contributions advance the conventional expectation–performance disconfirmation framework toward a dynamic tourism decision model incorporating utility adjustment, time–space optimization, and affective engagement.
From a practical perspective, enhancing tourism performance requires improving not only physical mobility but also information and experiential accessibility. Integrated reservation and navigation systems, multilingual information platforms, and balanced regional accessibility policies can simultaneously improve the realization of planned activities and expand opportunities for diverse participation. Furthermore, tourism performance evaluations should adopt multidimensional indicators reflecting accessibility, activity execution, participation, and experiential quality rather than relying solely on spending or visitor counts.
Several limitations warrant attention. Because this study relied on secondary survey data, activity conversion and participation were based on self-reported measures, which may diverge from actual behavior. The cross-sectional design also limits the ability to capture temporal dynamics and cumulative utility effects. Future research should incorporate panel data, behavioral traces (e.g., GPS movement, payment logs), and regionally diverse samples to validate and extend the proposed model.
In conclusion, this study presents an integrated empirical model that links accessibility, activity behavior, spending, and satisfaction, thereby providing a comprehensive structural understanding of foreign tourists’ behavior in Seoul. The findings contribute valuable theoretical insights and provide an evidence-based foundation for designing more effective tourism policies, destination strategies, and experience-oriented tourism management frameworks.