Since the COVID-19 pandemic, the global tourism industry has experienced rapid growth in the travel platform market, driven by the growing preference for Free Independent Travel(FIT) and the normalization of application-based booking services. While ...
Since the COVID-19 pandemic, the global tourism industry has experienced rapid growth in the travel platform market, driven by the growing preference for Free Independent Travel(FIT) and the normalization of application-based booking services. While the expansion of travel platform markets has enhanced user accessibility and convenience, it has also introduced new issues, such as dark patterns, which impede the tourist’s rational decision-making. Dark patterns on travel platforms can diminish overall satisfaction of the travel experience and, furthermore, undermine the credibility of the entire travel platform market. Moreover, at a time when ethical management is increasingly emphasized, deceptive design practices of travel platforms constitute a critical challenge for maintaining social consensus and a sustainable tourism ecosystem. Therefore, it is highly significant to analyze the impact of dark patterns on travel platforms for the growth of the tourism industry.
However, existing studies have not explored the unique design characteristics and impacts of dark patterns within the specific context of travel platforms, and research has been limited to focusing on user’s emotional responses according to types of dark patterns. Therefore, this study emphasizes the importance of theoretically classifying various dark pattern observed on travel platforms and empirically examining the mechanisms that influence travel consumers’ emotions, cognition, and behavior for each type.
Accordingly, this study classifies dark patterns on travel platforms based on cognitive bias theory and empirically analyzes the relationships among dark pattern types, negative user experience, perceived risk, platform-switching intention, and continuous usage intention. To achieve the objectives to this study, an online survey was conducted from August 1 to August 31, 2025, targeting adults aged 20 to 59 who had experienced dark patterns while using travel platforms within the past year. A total of 380 responses were collected and 352 valid responses were used for final analysis after data screening. Frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and regression analysis were conducted using SPSS 29.0 statistical program.
The main findings of the study are as follows. First, among dark pattern types, hidden information, false discounts, and social proof had significant positive effects on negative user experiences. Second, in the relationship between travel platform dark patterns and perceived risks, hidden information, social proof, and false discounts had significant positive effects on impulsive purchase risk, whereas scarcity had a significant negative effect on impulsive purchase risk. Third, in the relationship between travel platform dark patterns and switching intention, scarcity and false discounts had significant positive effects on switching intention. Fourth, in the relationship between travel platform dark patterns and continuous usage intention, false discounts and hidden information had significant negative effects on continuous usage intention, whereas scarcity had a significant positive effect. Fifth, in the relationship between perceived risk and negative user experience, impulsive purchase risk, psychological risk, and source risk had significant positive effects on negative user experience. Sixth, in the relationship between negative user experience and behavioral intentions, negative user experience had a significant positive effect on switching intention and a significant negative effect on continuous usage intention. Lastly, impulsive purchase risk had a significant positive effect on switching intention, while psychological risk and source risk had significant negative effects on continuous usage intention.
Based on the analysis results, the theoretical implications are as follows. First, this study systematically conceptualizes dark patterns on travel platforms based on cognitive bias theory and identifies components appropriate to the travel platform environment. Second, this study analyzes the relationships between travel platform dark patterns and travel consumers’ emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses, thereby comprehensively clarifying their impact throughout the decision-making process. Third, false discounts are revealed to be the most influential factors among the dark patterns on travel platforms. Fourth, this study confirms the multidimensional effects of scarcity dark patterns. Fifth, by distinguishing consumer behavior into the independent dimensions of switching intention and continuous usage intention, this study reveals that the same stimulus does not necessarily induce opposing responses such as relationship maintenance and switching, but rather can generate ambivalent responses. Sixth, this study empirically confirms that users’ risk perception pathways operate differently depending on the type of dark pattern on travel platforms.
Practical implications are as follows. First, policymakers should establish clear regulatory standards and policy guidelines for frequently used dark patterns types such as information distortion patterns(e.g., hidden information, false discounts) and manipulation patterns(e.g., social proof). Second, transparency disclosure systems and regular monitoring should be implemented to enhance the effectiveness of dark pattern regulations. Third, travel platform companies should establish transparent pricing information disclosure systems to secure long-term consumer trust. Fourth, travel platform companies and UX/UI designers should adopt intuitive and transparent interfaces. Fifth, travel companies and UX/UI designers should adopt fact-based interfaces. Sixth, beyond institutional regulations, industry-wide efforts to enhance consumer awareness are necessary to eradicate dark patterns.
The findings of this study can be used as an empirical basis for establishing policy guidelines related to dark patterns on travel platforms and provide practical insights for sustainable platform operation strategies for travel platform companies. Furthermore, the research findings can support travel consumers in making rational decisions in a fairer travel platform environment and contribute to building a sustainable travel platform ecosystem across the tourism industry.