This study aims to examine how the supervisor system, which is formally designated as the core entity of safety management at construction sites, actually functions in the field, and to suggest structural and policy-level improvement strategies to enh...
This study aims to examine how the supervisor system, which is formally designated as the core entity of safety management at construction sites, actually functions in the field, and to suggest structural and policy-level improvement strategies to enhance its effectiveness. Despite various efforts, industrial accidents have not decreased in recent years, and the construction industry continues to record the highest proportion of fatal injuries among all sectors. According to the Ministry of Employment and Labor, “management-related causes” constitute the largest share of fatal accident factors, indicating that the on-site safety management system is not functioning properly. Following the enforcement of the Serious Accidents Punishment Act, the growing trend toward criminal liability for field supervisors further underscores the need to redefine the roles and responsibilities of supervisors.
Nevertheless, the current supervisor system contains several structural limitations. First, legal ambiguity persists. Because the legal framework is divided across multiple statutes—primarily the Occupational Safety and Health Act and the Construction Technology Promotion Act—conflicts arise between regulations, and the criteria for supervisor appointment are overly broad. The statutory duties remain vague, often resulting in reduced work efficiency and friction between job roles. Second, the absence of qualification standards has led to frequent nominal or perfunctory appointments, allowing personnel whose competencies are insufficient or irrelevant to assume supervisory roles. Third, the statutory training system remains ineffective. The mandated training duration is nearly identical to that of general workers, and the lack of defined qualifications for training providers results in low training quality. Consequently, education tends to focus solely on meeting the required hours rather than on cultivating actual competencies.
A comparison with foreign models makes these limitations even more evident. Japan operates a highly structured supervisor qualification system (Work Chief System), which is based on task-specific licenses and training. The United States implements a Competent Person system for high-risk tasks, establishing an authority- and competency-centered supervisory framework. In contrast, Korea’s supervisors are appointed under excessively broad eligibility requirements, and the training system remains largely perfunctory, making it difficult to foster true professionalism.
To address this issue, the present study conducted a meta-analysis of domestic research published between 2010 and 2025. The results indicated that supervisor-related factors had a significant positive effect on safety management performance and awareness (g = 0.315, p < .001), with particularly strong effect sizes observed for education-related variables (g = 0.458). This confirms, with quantitative evidence, the necessity and importance of appropriate supervisor training. The Korean supervisor system exhibits a structural imbalance in which legal status and roles are unclear while legal accountability is disproportionately reinforced, making institutional reform essential to improve professional competence and clarify duties. Accordingly, this study proposes the following policy recommendations.
First, to reduce confusion surrounding the supervisor system and supervision responsibilities, the roles and organizational frameworks of the Occupational Safety and Health Act and the Construction Technology Promotion Act should be aligned to ensure regulatory coherence and eliminate overlapping responsibilities and accountability gaps. In addition, similar to Japan’s Work Chief System, eligibility criteria for supervisor appointment should be strictly defined to ensure that personnel with appropriate expertise are assigned to corresponding tasks, and duty descriptions should be clarified so that the supervisor system can operate effectively on site.
Second, qualification requirements must be established—similar to those for safety managers—to eliminate indiscriminate or nominal appointments. For personnel who do not meet the requirements, a structured training pathway should be provided to enhance their capabilities.
Third, supervisor education should shift away from a time-based statutory model toward a competency-based training framework, incorporating certification by professional instructors, hands-on/field-based training, and periodic recertification.
This study has academic and policy significance in that it expands the analysis of the supervisor system—previously dominated by qualitative research—into a quantitative, data-driven approach. However, the number of studies included in the meta-analysis was relatively small. This is due to the limited volume of supervisor-related research in Korea, despite the supervisory role’s documented importance and accountability, and to the prevalence of purely qualitative studies that relied on descriptive comparisons rather than quantifiable statistical indicators suitable for effect size calculation. Furthermore, the meta-analysis depended on the statistical results reported in individual studies, meaning that raw-data-based precision analyses were restricted.
Future studies should therefore generate more quantitative evidence capable of contributing to legislative and institutional reform for the supervisor system. Additional research accumulation would allow for meta-regression analyses—excluded in the present study due to insufficient sample size—to provide stronger empirical grounds for policy suggestions. Finally, direct cross-national meta-analysis comparing Korea with advanced supervisory systems abroad is expected to provide further insights necessary for the development of an advanced legal and institutional framework for construction safety supervision.