In contemporary society, dining out is evolving from a simple eating behavior into experience-oriented consumption that affects individual senses and emotions. Consumers now place importance not only on the taste and quality of food, but also on the o...
In contemporary society, dining out is evolving from a simple eating behavior into experience-oriented consumption that affects individual senses and emotions. Consumers now place importance not only on the taste and quality of food, but also on the overall gastronomic experience, which is composed of various factors such as the atmosphere of the space, interactions with service providers, and regional identity, and this change suggests that restaurant spaces are expanding beyond a simple place of physical consumption into social spaces where emotions and cultures interact and meaningful experiences are formed.
As consumers’ desire for a holistic gastronomic experience increases, interest in independent restaurants has recently been growing. These independent restaurants, based on the creativity and autonomy of operators, currently constitute a significant segment of the foodservice market, and non-franchised independent restaurants directly operated by individuals account for more than 70% of all food service companies in the domestic industrial structure. However, they face difficult conditions due to the continued economic downturn and intensifying competition caused by the polarization of consumption, and independent restaurants are strengthening their strategies to secure competitiveness through the differentiation of emotional experiences, space, services, and human interactions.
The gastronomic experience is defined as a complex dining-out experience that combines various sensory stimuli such as sight, hearing, smell, and touch, beyond taste and service quality, together with emotional reactions. These emotion-based gastronomic experiences directly affect consumers’ behavioral intentions and choices, and in recent years they have expanded beyond physical stimulation to include the attribution of meaning to a specific place and a sense of emotional connection. In this regard, place attachment refers to the psychological bond and sense of belonging formed toward a specific place, and has been steadily discussed in the fields of tourism and environmental psychology. However, in the field of dining out, research on this attachment to place is insufficient, and there are few studies that empirically analyze the process by which emotional experiences lead to place attachment and customer behavior, especially in independent restaurants, or that combine qualitative inquiry with quantitative verification. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of gastronomic experiences in independent restaurants on customer behavior through place attachment.
In the qualitative study, focus group interviews and individual in-depth interviews were conducted with 10 adults who had visited independent restaurants in Seoul and the metropolitan area more than twice within the last 3 months. The collected data were analyzed according to the hermeneutic phenomenology of Van Manen(1990) and the thematic analysis procedure of Braun and Clarke(2006), and were coded and categorized using the MAXQDA program. As a result, 87 primary concepts were integrated into 11 subcategories, and three key dimensions were derived: “Unique atmosphere” “Unexpected pleasure” and “Warmth of connection”
In the quantitative study, a questionnaire was developed based on the qualitative findings and previous studies, and a survey was conducted with 621 adults who had repeatedly visited independent restaurants in Seoul and the metropolitan area more than once within the last 3 months. The questionnaire consisted of 15 items on gastronomic experiences, 10 items on place attachment, and 6 items on customer behavior, and reliability, validity, correlation, regression, and mediation analyses were performed using SPSS 21.0 and Hayes’(2018) PROCESS Macro(Model 4).
The analysis results present three important findings. First, all dimensions of gastronomic experience were found to have a significant positive effect on place attachment, and among them, warmth of connection was the strongest predictor, suggesting that relationship-oriented human experience is a key factor in the psychological bond formation of restaurant customers. Second, in explaining customer behavior, place dependence showed stronger explanatory power than place identity. In other words, when customers recognize the unique and irreplaceable characteristics or values of a restaurant, they are more likely to visit that restaurant again or recommend it to others. Third, the direct effect of unexpected delight on customer behavior was not significant, but meaningful results were derived from the indirect path through place attachment. This indicates that creative and pleasant surprises play a role in strengthening emotional bonds in the long run rather than immediately inducing behavioral changes.
In addition, this study applied a sequential mixed research method to analyze how social and emotional factors accumulate over time and affect customer behavior, and it may serve as a useful reference for those who wish to study how customers’ emotions and social experiences lead to behavior in the food service industry in the future. From a practical point of view, the results suggest several strategies that independent restaurant operators can primarily consider to increase and differentiate customer loyalty in a highly competitive market. Above all, the findings emphasize that focusing on the customer experience—such as creating a unique atmosphere, providing unexpected delight, and fostering a wamth of connection—plays an important role in cultivating customers’ attachment to the place, which in turn leads to revisits and positive recommendations. This shows that it is highly valuable not only to invest in spatial design, but also to shift operations toward relationships and emotions, such as employee training and service design. Restaurants that prioritize these areas can build strong connections with customers and, as a result, can expect continued success.
For future research, it would be helpful to use reservation and payment records to track how customers’ experiences and behaviors change over time and how these relational impressions are built. In addition, examining whether similar patterns occur in other hospitality or service sectors will allow researchers to verify and more broadly extend the findings of this study.