The global demand for lithium (Li) has rapidly increased with the expansion of electric vehicles (EVs), renewable energy systems, and portable electronics. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), featuring high energy density, long lifespan, and excellent elect...
The global demand for lithium (Li) has rapidly increased with the expansion of electric vehicles (EVs), renewable energy systems, and portable electronics. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), featuring high energy density, long lifespan, and excellent electrochemical performance, have become a key technology for the energy transition. Consequently, Li is now regarded as a strategic resource essential for achieving a low-carbon economy. By 2030, global Li demand is expected to exceed 11 million tons, raising concerns about resource shortages and supply instability.
Li resources are mainly concentrated in South America’s “Li Triangle” and Australia, posing supply risks from geopolitical instability and export restrictions. The Republic of Korea, despite its leadership in the battery and electronics industries, relies entirely on imported Li raw materials, highlighting the need for recovery technologies from alternative resources. Among these, Lithium phosphate (Li3PO4) is a representative insoluble Li compound with low solubility (Ksp ≈ 2.37×10-9), commonly found in industrial residues.
Acid leaching is widely used for Li recovery from solid compounds but often requires high acid concentrations and produces large amounts of acidic wastewater, limiting environmental and economic sustainability. To address this, new leaching methods combining acids with oxidizing additives have been studied to improve recovery efficiency from insoluble Li compounds. However, research on optimizing acid–additive combinations for phosphate-based solids such as Li3PO4 remains limited.
This study systematically examined key parameters including acid type, additive concentration, reaction time, and temperature—for efficient and sustainable Li recovery from Li3PO4. Using three inorganic acids, HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 and three oxidants, H2O2, KMnO4, K2S2O8, the optimal combination was identified as 0.5 M HNO3 and 0.01 M H2O2, achieving over 99% Li extraction within 10 minutes. The efficiency remained nearly constant regardless of reaction time up to 60 minutes and temperature ranging from 25 to 80°C, demonstrating that high Li recovery can be achieved without complex control or high energy input.
These findings quantitatively reveal the interactions among major leaching parameters and provide a fundamental basis for advancing hydrometallurgical processes for insoluble lithium compounds.