When the tensile stress applied to the metal material of a structure exceeds its yield strength, plastic deformation occurs. This deformation accelerates fatigue crack initiation, and the progressive growth of these cracks can lead to structural failu...
When the tensile stress applied to the metal material of a structure exceeds its yield strength, plastic deformation occurs. This deformation accelerates fatigue crack initiation, and the progressive growth of these cracks can lead to structural failure. However, since plastic deformation often shows no clear outward change, a diagnostic technique capable of quantitative estimation is required. Therefore, this study proposes a method for quantitatively estimating the location and magnitude of plastic deformation in metal materials based on Eddy-current (EC) measurements using Giant Magneto-Resistance (GMR) sensors.
For this research, Aluminum (Al6061-T6) and Stainless Steel (SUS304), commonly used structural metals, were used as experimental specimens. Tensile tests were performed on each specimen with varying tensile stresses to produce specimens with strain levels of 0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, and 10%.
The central part of the specimens was designed to be thinner, thereby inducing plastic deformation to localize specifically in the center of each specimen.
Eddy-current Testing (ECT) is a technique that evaluates the condition of a material by inducing eddy currents within the material using a magnetic field generated by a coil, forming a secondary magnetic field, and then measuring the resulting electromagnetic response (primarily electrical conductivity). When plastic deformation occurs, electrical properties such as electrical resistivity and conductivity change due to changes in the material's internal lattice structure. ECT is utilized to measure these changes in electrical properties to estimate plastic deformation.
This study derived a relationship between the relative change in the phase value and the plastic strain by combining a relational expression between electrical resistivity and plastic strain, and a relational expression between electrical resistivity and the phase value of the EC measurement signal, which were both presented in previous research. This derivation supports the theoretical validity of using the relative phase change for plastic deformation estimation in this study.
The Giant Magneto-Resistance (GMR) sensor consists of a multilayer structure of ferromagnetic thin films and non-magnetic metal spacer thin films. Due to this structure, the sensor's resistance changes sensitively in response to an external magnetic field, which is known as the Giant Magneto-Resistance effect. The GMR effect allows for high-sensitivity, direct measurement of changes in the secondary magnetic field induced within the material by eddy currents, making it advantageous compared to other EC pickup coil methods.
By using ECT combined with a GMR sensor, the rate of change in the phase value of the EC measurement signal of the plastically deformed material was measured to determine the location and magnitude of the material's plastic deformation.
The specimens were divided into five sections, and the phase value of the EC measurement signal was measured for each section. Analysis of the measured values showed that the plastic deformation was concentrated in the center of the specimens. Furthermore, after deriving a relational equation based on the 0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, and 10% strain specimens, a blind validation was performed using specimens with 2% and 7% strains. In this validation, the maximum error in plastic deformation estimation was predicted to be within 2.759%, thereby verifying the validity of the proposed method.
These results confirm that GMR sensor-based ECT can quantitatively estimate the plastic deformation of metal materials. The findings of this study can be utilized for assessing the safety and diagnosing damage in metal materials and are expected to evolve into a diagnostic algorithm technology for automatically estimating plastic deformation in the future.