한국형 집중적 양육 척도 개발 연구 = Development and Validation of Korea Intensive Parenting Scale(K-IPS)

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this study was to develop a valid and reliable scale to measure intensive parenting in Korea. Given that contemporary parenting culture is characterized by a collective belief in the appropriateness of child-centered parenting, it is essential to examine how the logic of intensive parenting operates across individuals, families, and social phenomena in Korea. Accordingly, this study was undertaken as a foundational step to address the methodological limitations of existing research regarding intensive parenting and to expand the scope of empirical research.
The development and validation process of the Korea intensive parenting scale comprised a literature review, preliminary derivation of construct factors and items, verification of content validity, survey, factor analysis, and finalization of the scale structure. The preliminary factor structure and items for the intensive parenting concept were constructed through a comprehensive literature review, grounded in the framework of 'intensive mothering ideology,' which constitutes its underlying premise. In the item development phase, the preliminary item pool comprised 95 items, and through content validity verification by both the target population and expert reviewers, the pool was refined to 52 items, which were subsequently used for the survey.
The survey was administered to 1,038 participants, consisting of married individuals with one child, married childless individuals, and unmarried childless individuals. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and Mplus. Item analysis and Exploratory Factor Analysis(EFA) were conducted using a split-half subsample(n=519), and through the EFA utilizing Maximum Likelihood estimation and Geomin rotation, three sub-factors and 16 items were derived. Subsequently, Confirmatory Factor Analysis(CFA) was conducted on the remaining subsample(n=519). The final factor structure and items were confirmed through the construct validity(including convergent and discriminant validity), criterion validity, and internal consistency reliability.
First, item analysis examined multivariate normality and item-total correlations. Second, EFA involved an iterative rotation process for item purification; the results confirmed that all items exhibited factor loadings and communalities exceeding .40, with no significant cross-loadings. Third, CFA verified good model fit indices, and both convergent validity and discriminant validity were established. Fourth, reliability analysis showed that both the overall internal consistency reliability coefficient and the coefficients for each sub-factor exceeded .80. Fifth, criterion validity was established by examining the relationships with parenting guilt and the correlations with childbearing intentions.
The concept of the sub-factors of this inventory and the corresponding questions are as follows. First, financial investment(4 items) refers to the attitude that prioritizes maintaining economic stability and providing active financial support to ensure educational and material opportunities for children. Second, child-priority(7 items) refers to attitude that places the child's needs above the parents' own convenience or interests. Third, high effort(5 items) refers to the attitude that emphasizes the importance of parents acquiring professional and proactive capabilities, such as knowledge and skills, to support their child's optimal development. All items are rated on a six-point Likert scale.
In conclusion, this study confirmed that the Korea Intensive Parenting Scale(K-IPS) is a valid and reliable assessment instrument. The scale comprises 16 items distributed across three sub-factors, and the level of endorsement of intensive parenting is evaluated based on the total score derived from these factors. The developed scale provides reliable data on the extent to which individuals endorse intensive parenting values, which are prevalent in South Korean society. Given the context of child-centered parenting expectations, the K-IPS can be utilized for conducting parenting counseling and education, addressing parenting compulsions and anxieties within a highly competitive educational environment, and improving workplace and family cultures where parental rights are often compromised.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• I. 서론 1
• 1. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 1
• 2. 연구문제 6
• II. 이론적 배경 및 선행연구 고찰 7
• 1. 집중적 양육(intensive parenting)의 개념 7
• 2. 집중적 양육의 측정 21
• 3. 집중적 양육 관련 국내외 선행연구 고찰 44
• 4. 한국 문화에서의 집중적 양육 53
• III. 집중적 양육 척도 제작 및 타당화 57
• 1. 예비 척도 구인 및 문항의 잠정적 도출 57
• 2. 내용타당도 검증 및 예비 문항 선정 72
• 3. 척도의 타당도 및 신뢰도 80
• IV. 논의 109
• V. 결론 및 제언 119
• 1. 결론 119
• 2. 제언 121
• 참고문헌 131
• 초록 149
• 부록 151