엣지 기반 협력 자율주행 시스템에서의 경량 가상머신 네트워크 성능 분석 = Network Performance Analysis of MicroVMs for Edge-assisted Cooperative Driving Systems

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Smart roadside infrastructure (SRI) and software-defined vehicles (SDVs) are key building blocks of cooperative intelligent transportation systems (C-ITS), where edge systems must meet stringent requirements for latency, throughput, and isolation. Containers are widely adopted because they are efficient and easy to deploy, but their comparatively weak isolation raises serious security concerns. Micro virtual machines (microVMs) offer VM-grade isolation with container-like lightweight execution. However, their network performance under cooperative driving workloads remains poorly understood. This paper presents a measurement study of microVMs in edge-assisted cooperative autonomous driving systems. We design a suite of benchmarks based on representative network communication patterns and compare microVMs with containers. The benchmarks cover periodic streaming, request–response transactions, co-located interference, and MQTT-based publish–subscribe messaging. Our results show that microVMs can match container-level performance—and in some cases even exceed it—though the additional virtualization layer increases CPU utilization. We also find that the magnitude of this trade-off depends on both platform design and workload characteristics. Overall, microVMs are feasible for these workloads, but they should be deployed in a workload- and resource-aware manner rather than treated as a direct replacement for containers.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 1. Introduction 1
• 2. Background 5
• 2.1 C-ITS 5
• 2.2 Network Communication Patterns 5
• 2.3 Virtualization 7
• 2.3.1 Architecture 8
• 2.3.2 Network Processing Mechanism 11
• 2.3.3 Virtio and Interrupt Mechanism 13
• 2.4 VM exit 22
• 2.4.1 WFI 22
• 2.4.2 IRQ 23
• 2.4.3 DABT_LOW 24
• 3. Motivation 26
• 3.1 Container Security Risks 26
• 3.2 Importance of Network Performance 28
• 4. Benchmark Design 31
• 4.1 Periodic TCP Streaming 31
• 4.2 TCP Request and Response 33
• 4.3 Performance Interference 34
• 4.4 MQTT Publish and Subscribe 36
• 5. Experimental Setup 38
• 5.1 Hardware 38
• 5.2 Software and Configuration 38
• 5.3 Monitoring Tools 39
• 6. Benchmark Results and Analysis 42
• 6.1 Periodic TCP Streaming 42
• 6.2 TCP Request and Response 44
• 6.3 Performance Interference 47
• 6.3.1 Under CPU Interference 47
• 6.3.2 Under Network Interference 49
• 6.4 MQTT Publish and Subscribe 51
• 7. Discussion 53
• 8. Related Work 54
• 9. Conclusion 56