Currently, rapid industrialization, extensive agricultural practices, and precautionary medications for population growth and well-being have severely compromised aquatic environments through the release of persistent organic contaminants (POCs), incl...
Currently, rapid industrialization, extensive agricultural practices, and precautionary medications for population growth and well-being have severely compromised aquatic environments through the release of persistent organic contaminants (POCs), including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and industrial wastage chemicals, because the released POCs have remained recalcitrant to conventional wastewater treatment facilities. Though, biologically activated sludge systems are effective at eliminating macromolecules like organic matter, but they are ineffectual against these highly stable micropollutants, which establish significant environmental and public health risks due to their persistence, toxicity, mutagenicity, and potential for bioaccumulation. Consequently, there is an imperative need to augment and/or modify the traditional strategies with cutting- edge methodologies, namely advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), which are effective in the breakdown of stringent chemical structures into low-toxicity intermediates and mineralized it into smaller molecules. In this dissertation, AOPs driven by photocatalytic mechanisms are presented as a robust strategy for the obliteration of recalcitrant pollutants via reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated through the excitation of electron-hole pairs from suitable band structures of photocatalyst (PC) nanomaterials under visible light illumination. To circumvent the intrinsic limitations of bare PC, this research utilizes heterojunction arrangements with optimal band gap potentials to enhance charge carriers separation, redox potentials, structural stability, and broad absorption spectrum. Among various heterojunctions formations, Z-scheme configuration is inspired by a natural photosynthesis mechanism with a unique and high-efficiency charge transfer pathway. Based on the above facts, the current research focused on the construction of mediator-free system with different binary and ternary PC-based nanocomposites such as N-rich graphitic carbon nitride, bismuth orthoferrite, zinc indium sulfide, yttrium orthoferrite, tungsten oxide, and lanthanum orthomanganite. Initial investigations (Study 1 and Study 2) evaluated the efficacy of powder-type PC samples in the degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) under conventional, sonocatalytic, and sonophotocatalytic conditions. Recognizing that powder-type PC samples face formidable challenges regarding agglomeration, inhibition of light penetration through excess dosages, post-treatment recovery from treated reaction medium is limited and possibly leads to secondary contaminants to the aquatic organisms and human health. The following drawbacks are drastically controlled through the integration of powder-type PC samples into the strongly bonded polyvinylidene fluoride chains containing substrate materials. This approach exhibited a strong benefits for the simultaneous adsorption and degradation of tetracycline (TC) through various mechanistic routes. Although the recoverability and structural stability are comparatively higher than the powder-type PC samples, it further assist in the extension of separation roles of commonly existing natural organic matter under optimal pressure conditions. In addition, the utilization of Z- scheme charge transfer mechanism was leveraged to drive the simultaneous production of value-added chemicals, specifically in-situ H2O2 production, and the following concentrations are sequentially monitored through specific analytical techniques. Reusability studies of prepared powder-type PC and different PC-based mixed matrix membrane are performed under multiple consecutive cycles, to verify the chance for secondary pollution through metal leaching. Finally, the ecotoxicity and phytotoxicity of resultant SMX and TC and their intermediates during the degradation activities were investigated through respective computational models. To sum up, the proposed research study transcends current limitations in wastewater treatment facilities for recalcitrant pollutants and offers a sustainable paradigm for neutralizing emerging contaminants, that threaten the integrity of human welfare and aquatic ecosystems.