Polaron is a quasiparticle formed through the interactions between an excited charge carrier (electrons and holes) and the lattice, resulting in a coupled electron-phonon state that induces charge localization and lattice distortion. Such polarons mod...
Polaron is a quasiparticle formed through the interactions between an excited charge carrier (electrons and holes) and the lattice, resulting in a coupled electron-phonon state that induces charge localization and lattice distortion. Such polarons modify the electronic structure of materials, thereby influencing the properties of functional materials, such as charge transport, catalytic activity, and photoexcitation behaviors. Therefore, understanding the characteristics of polarons is essential for improving the performance of dielectric and photocatalytic materials. Although extensive theoretical and experimental studies have been conducted on polarons, their detailed formation mechanisms and type-dependent characteristics remain unclear, leaving many challenges in the field. In BiVO₄, a representative transition metal oxide and photocatalytic material, the existence of polarons has been experimentally reported. However, theoretical studies have not yet fully explained the polaronic features observed in experiments. In this study, the electronic structure of polarons in BiVO₄ was analyzed using first-principles calculations. Through electron and hole doping, we propose a new form of polaron, a multi-centered polaron in BiVO₄. The results demonstrate that both multi-centered electron and hole polarons can form in BiVO₄, and their characteristics were compared with optical measurement results. Furthermore, the metastable multi-centered polaron predicted by calculations was found to exist stably in real materials. Unlike the previously known single-centered polarons, these findings reveal the formation of anisotropic, multi-centered electron polarons in BiVO₄, providing a new interpretation of experimental observations.