This study aims to examine the development and socio-cultural significance of informal science education conducted outside formal schooling in colonial Korea during the 1920s and 1930s. Under the Japanese colonial education system, formal education in...
This study aims to examine the development and socio-cultural significance of informal science education conducted outside formal schooling in colonial Korea during the 1920s and 1930s. Under the Japanese colonial education system, formal education in Korea was centrally controlled through successive Chōsen Education Ordinances, resulting in profound inequalities in science education based on school type, gender, and socio-economic background. In particular, experimental and practical science instruction was severely constrained by shortages of facilities, instructional time, and qualified teachers, making it difficult for schools alone to provide sufficient access to modern scientific knowledge. Under these conditions, various social education institutions and media emerged as alternative learning spaces that supplemented formal schooling and served as important channels for the popularization of science.
Adopting a qualitative research approach, this study analyzes major science-related educational materials and publications produced in colonial Korea during the 1920s and 1930s, including Middle School Lecture Notes, Stories and Experiments A, Science Museum Bulletin, Education of Korea, and Science Joseon. In addition, newspapers, magazines, institutional reports, and educational documents were examined through historical document analysis and content analysis. Based on a theoretical review of informal science education and an examination of the structural limitations of formal science education under the colonial system, this study investigates the emergence and social foundations of informal science education. Informal science education activities were categorized into three major types—correspondence education, exhibition and experiential activities, and science-related publications—and analyzed in terms of their educational content and discursive characteristics. The analysis combined content analysis of publications and event records, case-centered narrative analysis of representative cases, and contextual interpretation of the purposes and functions of different media. Triangulation and peer review were used to enhance the validity and reliability of the interpretations.
The main findings of this study are as follows. First, informal science education emerged in response to the structural limitations of the formal education system, including school-type stratification and insufficient experimental environments resulting from revisions to the Chōsen Education Ordinances. While social demand for scientific and technological knowledge increased alongside industrialization and modernization discourses, formal schooling failed to meet these needs. Consequently, children and the general public sought alternative pathways for learning science outside school, leading to the formation of diverse social education institutions and media.
Second, informal science education developed primarily through correspondence education, exhibition and experiential activities, and institutional publications. Correspondence education, centered on Middle School Lecture Notes, reconstructed the curriculum of higher common schools in the Korean language and provided a structured system for distance learning. Subjects such as natural history (physiology and hygiene, zoology, botany, and mineralogy), physics, and chemistry were systematically presented by qualified secondary school teachers. The instructional design—combining conceptual explanations, illustrations, example problems, and solutions—functioned as a learning support mechanism suited to self-directed study. Despite structural limitations, including the Japanese-language administration of qualification examinations and low overall pass rates, documented cases of examinees who passed certification exams and became teachers after studying these materials demonstrate that correspondence education functioned as an effective learning pathway and a means of social mobility.
Exhibition and experiential activities, led by the Eunsa Memorial Science Museum and the Invention Society, constituted a core axis of experience-based informal science education. Museum exhibitions visualized scientific concepts through mechanical, electrical, chemical, and physical apparatuses, while annual Children’s Day experimental demonstrations attracted hundreds of young participants and served as large-scale public science education events. Science Day events and public lectures organized by the Invention Society linked science with invention, industry, and practical technology, fostering public interest in science and technology. These activities expanded public learning spaces where science could be directly experienced despite persistent educational inequalities.
Science-related publications played a crucial role in recording, reorganizing, and disseminating scientific knowledge beyond school settings. Stories and Experiments A promoted children’s scientific curiosity through experiential narratives, while Science Museum Bulletin functioned as an institutional record that visualized exhibitions, experiments, and educational events. Although Education of Korea was primarily an educational journal addressing pedagogy and examinations, it regularly featured science museum reports and reconstructed museum lectures in its “Children’s Science” section, illustrating the linkage between educational discourse and science institutions. Through editorials reflecting contemporary educational thought, it also provides valuable insight into prevailing science education discourses. Science Joseon, as a popular science magazine integrating invention and technology discourse, contributed significantly to the popularization of modern scientific knowledge. Collectively, these publications strengthened the continuity and social reach of informal science education.
Third, this study interprets the educational and social significance of informal science education in colonial Korea. Informal science education complemented the limitations of formal schooling while promoting the popularization, practical application, and everyday integration of science. Correspondence education emphasized autonomy and accessibility, exhibition and experiential activities fostered visual and experiential understanding, and publications facilitated linguistic and discursive dissemination, together forming a multifaceted educational system that reconstructed science as social knowledge. Informal science education also cultivated a culture of voluntary participation and experiential learning, enabling learners to explore and practice science in everyday life through correspondence study, museum visits, science events, and magazine readership. Unlike the curriculum-centered science education imposed by colonial authorities, these practices represented alternative learning modes grounded in social participation and practice.
In conclusion, this study reexamines science education in colonial Korea from the perspective of informal education facilitated by social education institutions, moving beyond a formal, institution-centered historiography. It demonstrates that informal science education was not merely supplementary but constituted a crucial medium through which voluntary learning and the social dissemination of science became possible under the constraints of colonial rule. By highlighting informal science education as a central factor in the popularization of science and socio-cultural transformation, this study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of educational plurality and knowledge practices in the modernization process of colonial Korea.
Keywords: Informal science education, colonial Korea, correspondence education, exhibition and experiential activities, science publications