This study focuses on optimizing the fabrication process of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) using transparent electrodes to improve device efficiency and achieve bi-directional emission, while also investigating the underlying mechanisms. Based ...
This study focuses on optimizing the fabrication process of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) using transparent electrodes to improve device efficiency and achieve bi-directional emission, while also investigating the underlying mechanisms. Based on the hydrophilic characteristics and optical variations of poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) in the hole injection layer PEDOT:PSS, four types of transparent electrodes with different PSS contents were fabricated. Electrical and optical analyses of these electrodes revealed that, at a specific processing temperature, a structural rearrangement occurred within the material. To investigate the effect of this rearrangement, the work function was measured using a Kelvin probe, confirming that the work function of the transparent laminated electrodes increased with higher PSS content until reaching a saturation point.
The vacuum-free bi-directional OLEDs were fabricated using a solution-based hot-pressing process, in which the transparent laminated electrode and the ITO layer were bonded under heat and pressure. The optimized transparent electrode processed at 200 °C enhanced hole injection, leading to stronger electron–hole recombination and enabling device operation at lower voltages. As a result, the turn-on voltage decreased from 5.1 V to 2.6 V. Moreover, variations in hole injection shifted the emission zone within the emissive layer, resulting in asymmetric luminance between the top and bottom emissions.
External quantum efficiency (EQE), calculated by integrating the emitted photons over the upper hemisphere, reached 3.4% in the laminated transparent OLEDs, which is comparable to that of conventional vacuum-deposited devices. This demonstrates the successful optimization of a simplified, low-cost fabrication process that enhances OLED performance. Furthermore, the observed luminance asymmetry between top and bottom emission was explained by introducing the “emission zone” concept, providing insights into the underlying mechanism.