The purpose of this study is to design tasks to explore the cubic formula (i.e., the formula for the roots of a cubic equation) and to analyze the discourse of students as well as the mathematical disturbances and the commognitive conflicts while expl...
The purpose of this study is to design tasks to explore the cubic formula (i.e., the formula for the roots of a cubic equation) and to analyze the discourse of students as well as the mathematical disturbances and the commognitive conflicts while exploring these tasks. It is known that the solution of the cubic equation remained unknown for a long time, but the formula for its roots was eventually derived through the efforts of mathematicians like Cardano and Tartaglia. The historical and mathematical values become clearer because the process of finding the formula is closely related to the development of the theory of equations as well as the emergence of complex numbers.
While exploring the cubic formula, students can engage with various mathematical ideas such as determining extraneous roots and handling the multi-valued property of the nth roots of complex numbers. Although there are limitations in addressing these topics in ordinary high schools because of the complexity of the topics involved in the formula, these topics are familiar to students in science high schools. Therefore this study considers the exploration of the cubic formula, through appropriately designed tasks, as a meaningful learning resource for stimulating science high school students’ mathematical reasoning. Accordingly, this study formulates the following research questions.
A. In what forms can tasks be designed to support the proof of the cubic formula and the related exploratory processes?
B. What are the characteristics of mathematical discourse during task performance, and how do students’ mathematical disturbances and commognitive conflicts contribute to it?
To solve research question A, the tasks for proving and exploring the cubic formula were designed with reference to Koichu & Zazkis(2021), which examined the disturbance in the process of exploring the Cardano method for the cubic equation. The design of the tasks was based on Freudenthal’s principle of guided re-invention and Leron’s theory of structuring proofs. In addition, some of the tasks in Koichu & Zazkis(2021) were slightly modified and directly utilized.
To solve research question B, the tasks were assigned to third-year students at J Science High School, and the classroom discourse during the exploration was analyzed. Here, discourse is understood from Sfard’s perspective, which views mathematical learning as the development of discourse. The framework for discourse analysis based on the level of justification in Kang & Shin(2022) was elaborated and adapted to the context of algebra, and then adopted for analyzing the classroom discourse. In addition, the disturbances and commognitive conflicts in students’ activities were identified with reference to previous studies.
After analyzing seventeen episodes of classroom discourse, the results of this study can be summarized as follows. Students experienced diverse disturbances as well as some of the commognitive conflicts in exploration. The complexity of the cubic formula and its proving process was reflected in the way that students, while using proper words and narratives in familiar routines, also showed some inappropriate use of words or revealed several misconceptions in new contexts. In this process, students showed the various levels of justification experiencing conflict between different discourses.
However, students not only utilized these difficulties as an opportunity for learning but also became active learners by developing their understanding of complex mathematical concepts. For example, during the process of exploring paradox '4=-2+sqrt(3)' with the solution of x^3-15x-4=0, students experienced a disturbance when they could not provide clear justification. But through continued discussion, they understood the method for identifying extraneous roots and the multi-valued property of the nth roots of complex numbers.
The results of this study imply that exploring the cubic formula can be used as an effective learning tool for high-achieving students, such as those in science high school. In addition, the levels of justification and the characteristics of mathematical discourse analyzed in this study can be used to understand students’ algebraic proof processes. Furthermore, by identifying how disturbances and commognitive conflicts emerge and are resolved, this study suggests the possibility of utilizing the difficulties that students experienced as a foundation for learning through appropriate pedagogical design.