Indoor air pollution, particularly fine particulate matter (PM2.5), is a significant environmental factor linked to the development and exacerbation of atopic dermatitis (AD) in both humans and companion animals. Given their shared living environments...
Indoor air pollution, particularly fine particulate matter (PM2.5), is a significant environmental factor linked to the development and exacerbation of atopic dermatitis (AD) in both humans and companion animals. Given their shared living environments and biological similarities, companion dogs serve as valuable sentinel models for environmentally driven diseases from a One Health perspective. However, the precise molecular mechanisms by which PM2.5 influences disease progression remain largely uncharacterized. This study aimed to investigate the transcriptomic alterations associated with indoor PM2.5 exposure in companion dogs with and without AD, thereby elucidating the role of environmental pollutants in disease progression. Household indoor PM2.5 concentrations were measured and compared between dogs diagnosed with AD (n = 50) and healthy controls (n = 33). To evaluate disease severity, clinical and immunological assessments were performed, including the Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index-04 (CADESI-04), Pruritus Visual Analog Scale (PVAS), Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL), Immunoglobulin E (IgE), and Interleukin-4 (IL-4). Whole-blood RNA sequencing was conducted, followed by differential gene expression and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses, to identify molecular pathways affected by PM2.5 exposure. Dogs with AD were found to live in environments with significantly higher PM2.5 concentrations compared to healthy controls. Higher PM2.5 levels were positively correlated with increased clinical severity scores and elevated serum IgE concentrations. Among atopic dogs with high PM2.5 exposure, 82 differentially expressed genes including upregulated IL1RL2, ALDH1A1, FKBP5 and downregulated H1.1, GGT1 revealed enhanced inflammation, stress responses, and epigenetic dysregulation via impaired chromatin remodeling and oxidative stress defense, with pathway analysis highlighting histone modification disruptions. Concurrently, high PM2.5 exposure in healthy dogs induced 811 differentially expressed genes, including upregulated MMP9, MARCO, ALOX15 and downregulated DNM3, STC2, indicating extracellular matrix degradation, immune activation, and reduced cellular resilience. Pathways like ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling and sterile inflammation suggest systemic susceptibility to PM2.5-driven molecular alterations. This study provides the first transcriptome-level evidence linking indoor PM2.5 exposure to molecular alterations in atopic dogs. The findings suggest that PM2.5 aggravates atopic pathology not merely through inflammation but via complex cellular dysfunction involving immune, oxidative, and epigenetic pathways. These results advance the understanding of AD in dogs and underscore the value of companion dogs as sentinel species for environmentally driven diseases. From a One Health perspective, the study emphasizes the critical importance of indoor air quality for both animal and human health.