Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a chronic liver disease which characterizes excessive fat accumulation in hepatocytes regardless of alcohol intake, is currently the most common disease with a prevalence of approximately 25-30% of the global...
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a chronic liver disease which characterizes excessive fat accumulation in hepatocytes regardless of alcohol intake, is currently the most common disease with a prevalence of approximately 25-30% of the global population. Aging and high-fat diet (HFD) are major risk factors for NAFLD, both characterized by disrupted lipid metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, and insulin resistance. Although several Lactobacillus species. have been shown to ameliorate hepatic steatosis, the molecular mechanisms underlying their hepatoprotective effects remain poorly understood. In this study, I identified that administration of Lactobacillus johnsonii LJ3402 markedly alleviates HFD- and age-induced hepatic dysfunction through dual regulation of lipid metabolism and mitochondrial homeostasis.
LJ3402 suppressed hepatic lipogenesis by promoting PKA-dependent phosphorylation and inactivation of SREBP-1c, thereby reducing the expression of its target genes, including Fasn and Acc. Consistently, inhibition or silencing of PKA abolished LJ3402-induced SREBP-1c phosphorylation and its lipogenic repression in hepatocytes. In parallel, LJ3402 improved systemic insulin sensitivity, reduced hepatic and circulating triglyceride and free fatty acid levels, and lowered plasma ALT and AST, indicating protection against diet-induced lipotoxic stress. Furthermore, administration of LJ3402 increased plasma lactate levels in mice, and lactate, a metabolite of LJ3402, enhanced phosphorylation of SREBP-1c while suppressing its transcriptional activity in AML12 hepatocytes. These results suggested that LJ3402-induced activation of PKA may inhibit intracellular lipid accumulation through repression of SREBP-1c transcriptional activity, and lactate, a metabolite, plays a role as signaling factor rather than a simple by-product.
Next, given that diet-induced metabolic abnormality is closely linked to age-associated metabolic dysfunction, I investigated the effects of LJ3402 on hepatic functional decline and intracellular molecular mechanisms during aging. Administration of LJ3402 maintained hepatic function by ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction and alleviating hepatocyte senescence via activation of the PGC-1α-SIRT1 axis. Mechanistically, LJ3402 stimulated the PPARα-coactivation of PGC-1α, leading to increasing SIRT1 expression, and the effect of LJ3402 on SIRT1 transcription was further enhanced by PGC-1, which is deacetylated by SIRT1, indicating the establishment of a positive regulatory feedback loop between PGC-1α and SIRT1. Consequently, SIRT1 improved mitochondrial function, inhibited cellular senescence, and attenuated age-related hepatic steatosis through deacetylation of both PGC-1α and p53. Interestingly, this study further identified C/EBPα, liver-enriched transcription factor, as a critical downstream effector of this pathway. Activation of SIRT1 by resveratrol facilitated the deacetylation of C/EBPα, thereby enhancing its binding to the PGC-1α promoter and increasing PGC-1α expression in AML12 hepatocytes. Mutation analysis using K159/299Q and K159/299R variants demonstrated that deacetylation at lysine residues K159 and K299 is essential for C/EBPα-induced PGC-1α expression and mitochondrial gene activation. Moreover, under SIRT1 activation, PGC-1α directly interacted with C/EBPα and acted as a coactivator to promote its own transcription, establishing a positive autoregulatory loop. These findings indicate that C/EBPα functions as a molecular amplifier of the SIRT1–PGC-1α axis, thereby maintaining mitochondrial and metabolic homeostasis in senescent hepatocytes. Hepatic knockdown of C/EBPα using siRNA in D-galactose–induced aged mice abolished the beneficial effects of resveratrol on mitochondrial function, hepatic lipid content, and liver parameters, suggesting that C/EBPα mediates the metabolic protective actions of SIRT1.
Collectively, this study demonstrates that LJ3402 exerts broad hepatoprotective effects by targeting key pathways involved in lipid metabolism and cellular senescence, highlighting its potential as a probiotic intervention for the prevention of obesity- and age-related NAFLD