This doctoral research focuses on the interface and structural engineering of BiVO4-based photoanodes to improve the performance and stability PEC water splitting for sustainable solar hydrogen production.
The study is organized into six chapters. Th...
This doctoral research focuses on the interface and structural engineering of BiVO4-based photoanodes to improve the performance and stability PEC water splitting for sustainable solar hydrogen production.
The study is organized into six chapters. The first chapter introduces the fundamentals of PEC water splitting and the potential of BiVO4 as a photoanode, while addressing its intrinsic challenges such as bulk recombination, sluggish surface kinetics, and limited stability. It further reviews recent strategies to overcome these issues, including heterojunction formation, dopant incorporation, interfacial engineering, and surface catalyst integration, providing the rationale for the multilayered design explored in this study.
The second summarizes the experimental methodologies and characterization techniques used, including structural, optical, and electrochemical analyses to evaluate material properties and PEC performance.
Building upon these foundational characterizations, third chapter focuses on the synthesis and intrinsic behavior of pristine BiVO4 photoanodes. This chapter details the fabrication of monoclinic BiVO4 thin films via a modified SILAR (successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction) method and investigates their photoelectrochemical properties. By controlling the number of deposition cycles, the film thickness was systematically tuned to study its effect on structural, optical, and PEC characteristics. An optimal number of SILAR cycles was critical for achieving sufficient light absorption, charge separation, and stability without inducing excessive recombination caused by overly thick films. However, despite improvements in film quality and baseline activity, limitations in charge transport and surface kinetics remained, necessitating further material modifications.
To overcome these limitations in both the bulk and surface regions, forth chapter explores engineering via Ni doping and FeOOH surface functionalization. Ni doping was employed to modulate the electronic structure of BiVO4, improve charge transport properties, and extend carrier lifetimes. In parallel, a thin FeOOH layer was photoelectrodeposited onto the BiVO4 surface to catalyze the OER and reduce surface recombination. The synergistic effect of Ni incorporation and FeOOH functionalization significantly enhanced the photocurrent density and PEC stability, highlighting the critical role of bulk and surface co-optimization.
The fifth chapter addresses interfacial recombination and charge transport limitations through interface engineering strategies. To improve interfacial stability under operational conditions, a compact ZnO underlayer was introduced between FTO and BiVO4, serving as a hole blocking layer to suppress electron backflow and facilitate directional charge separation. Additionally, a Mxene (Ti3C2Tx) catalyst was deposited on top of the BiVO4 surface via electrodeposition method. Significant improvements in both photocurrent output and long-term photostability under continuous illumination were observed in the FTO/ZnO/BiVO4/Mxene structure.
This work demonstrates that interface and structural engineering can significantly enhance the performance of BiVO4 photoanodes, establishing multilayer interface design, from the bulk to the surface, as a practical and effective strategy for PEC water splitting.