Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, characterized by the progressive deterioration of neuronal and synaptic function due to amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and tau tangles, which leads to cognitive decline. These pathological chan...
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, characterized by the progressive deterioration of neuronal and synaptic function due to amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and tau tangles, which leads to cognitive decline. These pathological changes induce oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis, significantly affecting synaptic plasticity, which plays a crucial role in memory. Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a process of long-lasting synaptic strengthening that is essential for memory and learning. In AD, LTP is impaired or fails to be properly maintained, leading to significant deficits in memory formation and learning ability. LTP experiments are vital for assessing changes in synaptic plasticity and investigating the pathological mechanisms and therapeutic possibilities of AD. Avenanthramide-C (Avn-C), a polyphenol derived from oats, has shown potential in reducing inflammatory markers and improving synaptic function in AD models, though at relatively high concentrations (50 µM). In this study, we developed six derivatives of Avn- C and focused on CD-I-531, which showed promising effects. Western blot experiments revealed that treatment with 50 µM CD-I-531 in hippocampal slices blocked the interaction between GSK-3β and Caspase-3, and similar results were obtained at a 5-fold lower concentration of 10 µM. This suggests that CD-I-531 exhibits neuroprotective effects even at much lower concentrations (10 µM). CD-I-531, compared to Avn-C, restores LTP at a lower concentration (10 µM), inhibits GSK-3β activation. Additionally, CD-I-531 decreases Caspase-3, blocking or weakening apoptotic pathways induced by Aβ and tau, resulting in a reduction in neuronal cell death. By inhibiting the interaction between GSK-3β and Caspase-3, CD-I-531 shows potential in suppressing the progression of AD and providing neuroprotective effects. In LTP experiments, while Avn-C failed to restore LTP at concentrations lower than 50 µM, CD-I-531 was able to restore impaired LTP even at a 5-fold lower concentration (10 µM). This study suggests that CD-I-531, at lower concentrations than Avn-C, demonstrates potential in AD treatment by restoring LTP, inhibiting GSK-3β activation, and reducing Caspase-3-mediated neuronal cell death. Keywords Alzheimer’s disease ▪ Avn-C ▪ CD-I-531 ▪ LTP ▪ GSK-3β ▪ Caspase 3