Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and one of the most common forms of dementia. It mainly affects the elderly population and is characterized by memory loss and cognitive impairment. The main pathological features of ...
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and one of the most common forms of dementia. It mainly affects the elderly population and is characterized by memory loss and cognitive impairment. The main pathological features of AD include the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ), the hyperphosphorylation tau (pTau) protein, and the protracted microglial activation. These factors contribute to neuronal dysfunction and cell death. Current diagnostic methods, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, are invasive and costly, which limits their effectiveness for early detection of conditions. Recent studies have identified the accumulation of Aβ and pTau protein in the eyes of AD patients. In this study, we used tissue-clearing techniques to visualize the accumulation of Aβ and pTau protein in the both brain and eyeball tissues. We worked with 5xFAD and Wild-Type mice, and we extracted 2 mm brain sections and eyeball. We performed Aβ staining followed by tissue-clearing and conducted additional staining for pTau(Ser404) and the microglia marker Iba1. Our results revealed a significant accumulation of Aβ, pTau, and activation of microglial in the cortex and hippocampus of 5xFAD mice. In contrast, no such accumulation was observed in Wild-Type control mice. However, retinal analysis revealed nonspecific binding of Thioflavine S (ThioS) and pTau protein to retinal fibers in both 5xFAD and Wild-Type mice, leading to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). This study used a staining method after clearing brain tissue and eyes to detect the accumulation of amyloid beta and pTau proteins in the tissue. These results support the potential of eye examination as an early diagnosis of AD, and suggest that it may be a cost-effective and less complicated alternative to current diagnostic methods. There is currently no cure or complete prevention for AD. However, in the future, this technology could be used to frequently obtain eye images using noninvasive optical imaging, enabling early treatment of AD, slowing the progression of the disease, and improving the quality of life of patients. Keywords Alzheimer’s Disease, Brain, Eyeball, Biomarker