This dissertation investigates charge-centric design and operation of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) to maximize electron recovery from wastewater substrates. MFCs are bio-electrochemical systems that harvest electricity from the electrons released durin...
This dissertation investigates charge-centric design and operation of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) to maximize electron recovery from wastewater substrates. MFCs are bio-electrochemical systems that harvest electricity from the electrons released during microbial oxidation of organic matter, enabling simultaneous wastewater treatment and energy recovery. While conventional treatment processes often require substantial energy input and generate excess sludge, MFCs offer a pathway toward more energy-efficient and sustainable operation. However, for practical deployment and scale-up, maximizing peak power density alone is insufficient; instead, it is essential to promote stable microbial electron release and recover the largest possible cumulative charge, which directly reflects the extent of electron capture from substrate removal. Against this backdrop, this study systematically explores integrated design and operational strategies that prioritize total electron recovery over instantaneous power output.
Three complementary levers are examined experimentally. First, in a continuous multi-electrode module, external-circuit topology and load were compared using common-bus parallel versus isolated-pair parallel wiring. Under common-bus parallel with low external resistance, cumulative charge increased markedly despite low cell voltages; anode potentials shifted to less negative values consistent with reduced interfacial losses, and current pooling allowed the most active pairs to dominate output. Isolated-pair parallel facilitated per-pair diagnostics but limited bus-level redistribution and exhibited spatial performance heterogeneity tied to reactor microenvironments. Second, in a batch reactor, minimum-resistance operation was tested sequentially against conventional high and “optimal” loads. Linear sweep voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, and impedance spectroscopy showed that lowering resistance increased current and time-integrated charge, minimized charge-transfer resistance, and increased interfacial capacitance over time. Prolonged minimum-resistance operation accelerated substrate depletion and reduced average current, indicating a need for feed management and adaptive load control. Short-horizon chemical oxygen demand removal improved, and results were compatible with ultra-low-voltage boosting for practical energy harvesting. Third, a materials route was developed by electrophoretic deposition of Ti₃C₂Tₓ MXene onto carbon fiber brush anodes. Compared with unmodified brushes and dip-and-dry approaches, the deposited MXene formed conformal, durable coatings that lowered charge-transfer resistance, increased interfacial capacitance, and sustained higher currents over weeks of operation.
Collectively, the findings support an integrated strategy for charge maximization: operate at low external resistance with real-time resistance adaptation, use common-bus wiring for charge throughput and isolated-pair wiring for diagnostics, and engineer robust MXene-modified anodes to minimize interfacial losses. The principles generalize to other microbial electrochemical systems where electron recovery governs overall efficiency.