In rice, seed storage proteins (SSPs)—mainly glutelins, prolamins, and globulins—are key determinants of seed development, quality, and nutritional value. Their synthesis and accumulation are primarily regulated at the transcriptional level. To id...
In rice, seed storage proteins (SSPs)—mainly glutelins, prolamins, and globulins—are key determinants of seed development, quality, and nutritional value. Their synthesis and accumulation are primarily regulated at the transcriptional level. To identify novel transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, transcriptome-based correlation analysis was performed. Nine transcription factors (OsGATA8, OsMIF1, OsMIF2, OsGZF1, OsbZIP58, OsS1Fa1, OsS1Fa2, OsICE2, and OsMYB24) strongly co-expressed with glutelin and prolamin genes. Expression analyses revealed that these transcription factors are primarily expressed during seed development. Promoter analysis further showed that seed-specific and hormone-responsive cis-regulatory elements are highly enriched, suggesting their involvement in seed maturation and hormone signaling. Among them, OsMIF1 and OsMIF2, belonging to the Mini zinc finger (MIF) subgroup, were functionally characterized using CRISPR- Cas9 knockout lines. Mutants exhibited enlarged grains due to increased epidermal cell size, along with reduced panicle length and branching. RNA-seq analysis showed altered expression of genes involved in development, hormone signaling, and stress responses. In particular, genes related to grain size were markedly upregulated, supporting the relationship between seed size and genotype. Furthermore, Yeast Two-Hybrid library screening identified ten OsMIF1-interacting proteins involved in developmental, hormonal, stress- related, and metabolic pathways, among which three genes contained zinc finger domains. Together, these findings highlight OsMIF1 and OsMIF2 as integrative regulators linking developmental and adaptation pathways with the transcriptional network controlling SSPs, offering valuable molecular targets for improving rice seed quality and yield. Part I Transcriptome-Based Identification of Novel Transcription Factors Regulating Seed Storage Proteins in Rice