In this study, the safety and electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries were enhanced by employing electrospun TiNb₂O₇(TNO) (NFs) anodes together with a fluorinated flame-retardant electrolyte (NOMA/10F), thereby minimizing the trade-of...
In this study, the safety and electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries were enhanced by employing electrospun TiNb₂O₇(TNO) (NFs) anodes together with a fluorinated flame-retardant electrolyte (NOMA/10F), thereby minimizing the trade-off that typically arises between performance and safety. To further overcome the intrinsically low electronic conductivity of TNO and the limited ionic conductivity of flame-retardant electrolytes, a composite electrode design incorporating fullerene (C₆₀) nanorods (NRs) synthesized via liquid–liquid interfacial precipitation and annealed under an inert atmosphere was ultimately proposed. Commercial carbonate-based electrolyte (ED/10F), fluorinated electrolytes (TFMA/10F, NOMA/10F), and a phosphate-based flame-retardant electrolyte were comparatively evaluated in two voltage windows (0.01-3 V and 1-3 V). At low rates (0.1A g⁻¹), the fluorinated electrolytes exhibited performance comparable to the carbonate electrolyte, whereas at high rates (5A g⁻¹) the overall trend followed: carbonate > fluorinated > phosphate. Owing to its significantly inferior performance in high temperature and safety evaluations, the phosphate electrolyte was excluded from further analysis, and only the carbonate- and fluorinated systems were examined in detail.
Unlike at room temperature, the carbonate electrolyte showed pronounced instability in both cycling retention and capacity at elevated temperatures (40–80 °C). In contrast, among the fluorinated systems, NOMA/10F exhibited the most stable high-temperature performance, maintaining both capacity and Li⁺ diffusion coefficients. Additionally, SET flame tests revealed that the carbonate electrolyte sustained burning for up to 13s, whereas NOMA/10F self-extinguished after 5s. ARC measurements further showed that the carbonate electrolyte generated pressures up to 90 bar during thermal runaway, while NOMA/10F limited pressure rise to only ~20 bar, indicating significantly reduced gas release and thermal hazard.
Based on these results, NOMA/10F was identified as the most effective flameretardant electrolyte in terms of thermal stability, safety, and balanced electrochemical performance.
The performance enhancement achieved through C60NRs compositing was then evaluated using NOMA/10F. The 30wt% composite electrode (TNO–C60) delivered a high-rate capacity of 145mAh g⁻¹ at 10 A g⁻¹, outperforming the pristine TNO electrode. Notably, during long-term cycling (250 cycles at 5 A g⁻¹), the benefit of combining the composite electrode with NOMA/10F was substantial. For pristine electrodes, the gap between the carbonate electrolyte (133mAh g⁻¹) and NOMA/10F (91mAh g⁻¹) was 42mAh g⁻¹; however, this gap decreased by approximately 45% (to 23mAh g⁻¹) in the 30wt% composite. Furthermore, the composite electrode in NOMA/10F exhibited a 71mAh g⁻¹ capacity improvement over its pristine counterpart, while capacity retention improved from 47.6% to 60.2%, corresponding to an improvement of approximately 13%. Therefore, incorporating the NOMA/10F flameretardant electrolyte into TNO NF anodes, together with the composite design employing C60NRs is expected to serve as an effective strategy for overcoming the intrinsic performance limitations of TNO while simultaneously enhancing the overall safety of lithium-ion batteries.