In this study, crystalline fullerene nanorods (C₆₀NRs) were employed as an anode material to develop high-safety sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), and their electrochemical behavior in combination with a flame-retardant electrolyte system was systemati...
In this study, crystalline fullerene nanorods (C₆₀NRs) were employed as an anode material to develop high-safety sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), and their electrochemical behavior in combination with a flame-retardant electrolyte system was systematically investigated. The electrolyte was formulated by dissolving 1 M sodium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (NaTFSI) in a mixed solvent of bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate (BTC) and 2,2,2-trifluoro-N,N-dimethylacetamide (FA) at a 1:1 volume ratio, with the addition of 10 wt% fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), thereby establishing a flame-retardant electrolyte system that simultaneously considers thermal stability and interfacial stability. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) combined with distribution of relaxation times (DRT) analysis was employed to quantitatively evaluate the voltage-dependent and temperature-dependent impedance behavior, as well as electrode-specific resistance contributions using a three-electrode cell configuration. Through this approach, the evolution of electrode–electrolyte interfacial reactions, charge-transfer resistance, and diffusion resistance was analyzed in detail, enabling clarification of internal resistance behavior and interfacial stability under varying temperature conditions. In addition, the safety characteristics of the electrolyte were assessed through flammability tests and accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC), allowing a comparative analysis of thermal stability and ignition behavior.