Photonic devices are rapidly expanding across diverse sectors, including optical communication, LiDAR sensing, optical computing, and energy harvesting, driven by advances in AI, autonomous systems, and high-speed information processing. While these t...
Photonic devices are rapidly expanding across diverse sectors, including optical communication, LiDAR sensing, optical computing, and energy harvesting, driven by advances in AI, autonomous systems, and high-speed information processing. While these technologies demand ultrafast operation and high energy efficiency, their performance remains fundamentally constrained by the intrinsic physical limits of conventional semiconductor materials. In typical semiconductors, photoexcited electron–hole pairs relax to the band edge within a few picoseconds, during which the excess photon energy is rapidly lost as heat. As a result, current optoelectronic systems operate only on “cold” carriers, leading to substantial energy dissipation and restriction in switching speed and conversion efficiency. Utilizing high-energy, nonequilibrium “hot carriers” offers a promising route to enhance charge generation, extend transport lengths, and overcome the intrinsic limits of conventional devices. In this Dissertation, to address this challenge, we investigate hot-carrier generation and transport mechanisms in 2D van der Waals (vdW) materials, which offer advantages in hot carriers due to their strong quantum confinement, high optical absorption, and low defect densities. Using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, hot-carrier dynamics were elucidated in both transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and flatband Kagome systems.
Chapter 1 introduces the fundamental background, including the mechanisms of hot carriers and the roles of dimensionality and lattice topology in hot-carrier manipulation. In Chapter 2, we demonstrate ballistic hot-carrier transport and ideal carrier multiplication. Chapter 3 investigates flatband Kagome materials, revealing how geometric frustration and band flattening give rise to unique phonon relaxation pathways and extended hot-carrier diffusion.
This Dissertation establishes a comprehensive physical framework for understanding hot-carrier generation, ballistic transport, phonon-mediated energy dissipation, and carrier multiplication in low-dimensional materials with engineered electronic band topologies. Our findings offer foundational principles for overcoming the thermalization restriction in semiconductors. These insights provide a pathway toward the development of next-generation optoelectronic technologies, including ultrafast photodetectors and high-efficiency photovoltaic systems.