Public participation in the planning and operation of nuclear power plants has long been extremely limited in China. However, since 2011—most notably following the cancellation of the Pengze nuclear power project in Jiangxi Province due to strong lo...
Public participation in the planning and operation of nuclear power plants has long been extremely limited in China. However, since 2011—most notably following the cancellation of the Pengze nuclear power project in Jiangxi Province due to strong local opposition—public opinion in ostensibly non-political domains such as environmental protection and energy policy has begun to exert partial influence on policy outcomes. While the scope of such influence remains constrained compared to democratic systems, these developments suggest the gradual emergence of a state–society relationship characterized not by absolute state control but by limited autonomy in areas including nuclear power development, environmental governance, and disaster response. Within this context, public attitudes toward nuclear power have increasingly come to be recognized as an important policy variable in China.
Against this backdrop, this study examines public acceptance of nuclear power in China by integrating both traditional and non-traditional influencing factors of acceptance. In addition to widely studied factors—such as knowledge of nuclear power, risk perceptions and expectations of economic compensation—this research incorporates political, environmental, and energy-related variables that have received relatively limited attention in the Chinese literature. The analysis is based on nationwide survey data from the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS), covering 29 provinces·municipalities·autonomous regions, combined with secondary data from the China Energy Statistical Yearbook (2019). A range of statistical analyses is employed to explore the structural relationships among these variables.
The analysis of traditional acceptance influencing factors yields several key findings. First, residents in nuclear host regions express higher expectations for economic compensation related to the construction of nuclear and thermal power plants than those in non-host regions, while perceiving lower levels of nuclear pollution risk and higher levels of safety. Second, higher levels of nuclear knowledge are associated with lower perceived pollution risk and higher perceived safety. Third, while perceptions of nuclear pollution and safety show no significant correlation with expectations of economic compensation, respondents in host regions, inland areas, and western regions demand relatively greater economic benefits as their level of nuclear knowledge increases, compared to those in non-host regions, coastal areas, and eastern and central regions.
Analysis of non-traditional variables further reveals distinct patterns. With respect to political factors, individuals affiliated with China’s Democratic Parties exhibit the highest levels of nuclear knowledge and safety perceptions, while members of the Chinese Communist Party and the Communist Youth League of China demonstrate more favorable acceptance attitudes than politically unaffiliated citizens. Moreover, respondents who engage actively in political participation display higher levels of nuclear acceptance than those who do not. In terms of environmental factors, groups with more progressive environmental attitudes and stronger willingness to pay for ecological improvement show higher nuclear knowledge, stronger safety perceptions, and overall greater acceptance. Regarding energy-related variables, trust in energy and environmental governance is lower in nuclear host regions and coastal areas than the national average; nevertheless, individuals with higher levels of trust tend to perceive nuclear power as safer. No significant relationship is found between dependence on external electricity supply and nuclear acceptance.
Based on these integrated findings, this study also discusses the current state and limitations of nuclear acceptance in China. It further compares socioeconomic support and compensation mechanisms for communities near nuclear power plants in different governance contexts—government-led systems such as South Korea and Japan, and operator-centered models such as that of the United States. Drawing on this comparison, the study proposes policy directions for China, emphasizing the importance of clear legal foundations, stable funding mechanisms, systematic administrative structures, and strengthened engagement with local communities.
Unlike most existing studies on nuclear acceptance in China, this research utilizes nationally representative survey data and systematically incorporates political, environmental, and energy-related factors that have been largely neglected in prior work. By doing so, it expands the analytical scope of nuclear acceptance research under authoritarian governance and offers a structural examination of the relationships between nuclear acceptance and its influencing factors in China, serving as an exploratory contribution to the field.