This study begins with the awareness that the ultra‑low fertility that has persisted in Korea for more than two decades is not merely a demographic issue but a challenge linked to complex socio‑economic structures. Accordingly, it hypothesizes tha...
This study begins with the awareness that the ultra‑low fertility that has persisted in Korea for more than two decades is not merely a demographic issue but a challenge linked to complex socio‑economic structures. Accordingly, it hypothesizes that regional income inequality functions as a key structural context that moderates the effectiveness of low‑fertility policies. The research categorizes low‑fertility policies into cash transfers and social investment measures, and integratively analyzes how their effects vary with regional income inequality levels and individual income strata at both regional and individual levels.
The findings can be summarized as follows. First, regional‑level analysis confirms that regional income inequality consistently exerts negative effects on marriage and fertility, indicating that rising inequality acts as a structural barrier to family formation. The effects of cash‑transfer policies were negative in regions with high income inequality, while the social‑investment program “Happiness Housing(Haeng-Bok Public Housing)” showed a stronger positive effect on marriage in high‑inequality regions; however, public childcare centers were negatively associated with fertility in such contexts.
Second, individual‑level analysis reveals heterogeneous policy effects across life stages and income strata. Cash transfers tended to encourage marriage among low‑income groups but to discourage childbirth when regional income inequality was high. Among social‑investment measures, Happiness Housing was negatively associated with marriage, whereas public childcare centers supported childbirth. For middle‑income groups, regional income inequality did not moderate marriage outcomes, but greater inequality was associated with stronger positive effects of cash‑transfer policies on childbirth; Happiness Housing continued to have a negative effect on childbirth and public childcare remained positive. In high‑income groups, increasing regional inequality made cash transfers detrimental to marriage yet beneficial to childbirth, and an expanded supply of public childcare exhibited negative effects.
Third, qualitative analysis through in‑depth interviews shows that regional income inequality amplifies feelings of relative deprivation and anxiety about the future, functioning as a socio‑psychological mechanism that discourages marriage and childbirth. Participants viewed cash transfers as short‑term compensation in an unequal environment, whereas secure housing and accessible public childcare were regarded as fundamental prerequisites for forming a family.
On the basis of these findings, the study offers the following theoretical and policy implications. Theoretically, it reconceptualizes low fertility as the result of interactions among policies, inequality structures, and individual behavior, calling for a shift in low‑fertility policy research from asking whether a policy works to asking under which inequality structures, for whom, and in what ways it works. From a policy perspective, overcoming the limitations of one‑size‑fits‑all low‑fertility policies that ignore regional income inequality requires more tailored approaches that reflect heterogeneous policy acceptance and perceived effectiveness across income strata.