The educational systems in contemporary East Asian societies, including China and Korea, remain profoundly influenced by traditional Confucianism. Consequently, the educational process is characterized predominantly by indoctrination-based knowledge t...
The educational systems in contemporary East Asian societies, including China and Korea, remain profoundly influenced by traditional Confucianism. Consequently, the educational process is characterized predominantly by indoctrination-based knowledge transmission, a lack of cultivation of critical thinking, and teacher-centered pedagogical structures that restrict children's questioning and discussion, with children's subjectivity often being neglected. In the 1970s, American philosopher Matthew Lipman pioneered Philosophy for Children (P4C), positing that children are not passive recipients of knowledge but independent and valuable thinking subjects. This theory emphasizes cultivating children's critical thinking through philosophical dialogue and exploration while respecting their curiosity and spirit of inquiry throughout the learning process. The perspectives of Philosophy for Children provide a novel research lens and significant theoretical framework for examining traditional educational thought and uncovering its contemporary relevance. Accordingly, grounded in this critical awareness, this study aims to elucidate the educational thought on children of Dasan Jeong Yak-yong (1762–1836), a Silhak (Practical Learning) scholar of late Joseon Korea, through the theoretical framework of modern Philosophy for Children, and to analyze the progressive nature of his respect for children's subjectivity and thinking capacity within the constraints of traditional Confucianism and the historical-social context.
This study primarily employs textual analysis and comparative study as its core research methodologies. Centering on Dasan's work Yeoyudang jeonseo (The Collected Works of Yeoyudang), this study meticulously analyzes the original texts pertaining to children's education, explores his educational content and methods through specific examples, and conducts a comparative analysis linking them with four different theoretical forms of Philosophy for Children. By identifying the similarities and differences between the two, this study reconstructs Dasan's educational thought on children and his methodology, thereby highlighting their modern educational significance that transcends the era.
Dasan's core content of children's education comprises literacy education emphasizing categorical thinking, practice-centered moral education, and Silhak education stressing practical statecraft and the unity of knowledge and action. Through educational methods that consider children's cognitive characteristics and learning interests—such as the classification method, motivation-inducing method, and question-and-answer method—he cultivated children's independent thinking abilities and endeavored to enable children to become subjects capable of actively engaging in philosophical thinking and practice. Through multi-dimensional exploration, it can be observed that Dasan's educational thought on children remarkably aligns with the core principles of modern Philosophy for Children in several aspects: the emphasis on logical thinking and critical thinking, the philosophical educational approach suited to children's cognitive development, philosophical dialogue conducted through questioning and discussion, characteristics of a community of inquiry, and respect for children's subjectivity.
Of course, his educational thought on children, grounded in traditional Xiaoxue (Elementary Learning) 小學, regarded childhood education as a preparatory stage for advancing to Daxue (Great Learning) 大學 studies and becoming a Confucian scholar-official, thus remaining confined within the framework of Confucian society. Nevertheless, Dasan's educational thought on children has demonstrated progressiveness in the transition from traditional Xiaoxue education to modern children's education, serving as a significant case study for examining the modern transformation of traditional education. By reinterpreting Dasan's educational thought on children through the novel lens of “Philosophy for Children,” this study not only enriches Dasan studies but also offers new historical insights and case studies for the development of P4C in East Asian societies.