Developing Anode-less All-Solid-State Batteries (ASSBs) requires achieving uniform Li nucleation, stable interfacial contact, and suppressed volume expansion during cycling. In this work, an In2O3-Graphite composite layer is proposed as a seed-embedde...
Developing Anode-less All-Solid-State Batteries (ASSBs) requires achieving uniform Li nucleation, stable interfacial contact, and suppressed volume expansion during cycling. In this work, an In2O3-Graphite composite layer is proposed as a seed-embedded anode framework that enables controlled Li deposition within internal pore channels rather than on the electrode surface. The composite, prepared via mechanochemical embedding, exhibits a compact architecture in which In2O3 particles are uniformly anchored along graphite pores, forming interconnected mesoporous pathways that function as Li storage sites. Cross-sectional FIB-SEM analysis reveals that Li is accommodated within the host structure while mitigating electrode swelling even at high deposition capacities, confirming the effectiveness of the spatially confined Li storage system. XRD and XPS analyses demonstrate that In2O3 undergoes complete conversion to metallic In and subsequently forms lithiophilic Li-In intermetallic phases, which provide energetically favorable nucleation sites and promote homogeneous Li+ transport. Cyclic voltammetry and GITT measurements were employed to elucidate the Li storage mechanism and to confirm the formation of effective Li+ diffusion channels within the In2O3-Graphite framework. The results confirm that Li storage proceeds through a conversion-alloying mechanism, with establishes continuous Li+ transport channels accompanied by enhanced ionic diffusivity and suppressed staging-related polarization. Electrochemical testing of Li|SE| In2O3-Graphite half cell shows a reduced nucleation overpotential and markedly improved cycling stability relative to bare graphite electrode. When applied to full cell configurations with NCM811 cathodes, the seed-embedded structure enables stable long-term cycling at 0.33 C and 0.5 C, with Coulombic efficiencies exceeding 99.7 %. The electrode also delivers robust rate capability and maintains stable operation over 392 cycles at 1.0 C under 5.36 mA cm-2. Overall, the In2O3-Graphite composite provides a structurally integrated, kinetically favorable platform for anode-less all-solid-state batteries by combining lithiophilic alloy chemistry, porous carbon conduction pathways, and internal Li deposition behavior. These results present a practical route toward high energy, reliably cyclable anode-less all-solid-state batteries.