Recently, renewable energy sources have been widely integrated into the power system. And the proportion of DC loads such as data centers and electric vehicle charging stations is also rapidly increasing. Due to the partial integration of these DC loa...
Recently, renewable energy sources have been widely integrated into the power system. And the proportion of DC loads such as data centers and electric vehicle charging stations is also rapidly increasing. Due to the partial integration of these DC loads and renewable energy sources, reverse power flows frequently occur within the system causing voltage rises and frequency fluctuations that lead to a deterioration in power quality.
As an alternative solution to these issues, AC/DC hybrid distribution systems which combine the advantages of DC with existing AC infrastructure are gaining attention. This causes voltage increases and frequency fluctuations, leading to a deterioration in power quality. AC/DC hybrid distribution systems which combine the advantages of DC with existing AC infrastructure are an alternative solution to these issues and are gaining attention. AC/DC hybrid distribution can flexibly response to the variability of renewable energy and improve efficiency by reducing power conversion losses through the direct connection of DC loads.
Protection coordination is important for stable operation of AC/DC hybrid distribution system. In particular, faults occurring on the DC side have different complex characteristics from AC faults. DC fault currents are difficult to interrupt because they do not have natural zero-crossing point. And the low impedance of DC lines causes fault currents to increase rapidly. In systems with multiple power converters, rapid discharge of DC link capacitors can reach the peak current within a few milliseconds, potentially leading to overcurrent that damages semiconductor devices or degrades the overall system stability.
This study proposed a rapid and accurate fault detection algorithm, along with its threshold setting for a pole-to-ground(PTG) fault on the positive line, modeled using MATLAB/Simulink. A bipolar full-bridge modular multilevel converter(FB-MMC) based on a voltage source converter(VSC) was applied as the conversion device of the system and the initial capacitor discharge stage of DC fault was analyzed based on the RLC equivalent model of the MMC to derive the fault current equation.
Based on this study, the threshold value for the protection relay is set using the rate of change of current(ROCOC,di/dt) and a fault detection algorithm was proposed that operates the protection relay based on undervoltage, DC overcurrent, and ROCOC in parallel.