Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved remarkably high photo conversion efficiencies (PCE) within a short period of development, establishing them as strong candidates for next-generation photovoltaic technologies. However, when scaled to large-a...
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved remarkably high photo conversion efficiencies (PCE) within a short period of development, establishing them as strong candidates for next-generation photovoltaic technologies. However, when scaled to large-area perovskite solar modules (PSMs), significant efficiency loss is often observed. Perovskite solar modules are limited by performance losses induced during laser patterning, particularly in the P2 step, where residual ETL, TCO damage, and thermal decomposition of the perovskite at the patterning boundary increase electrical losses and reduce operational stability. In addition, conventional module layouts suffer from geometric fill-factor (GFF) reduction and resistance imbalance as the sub-cell count increases, further constraining the attainable module performance.
In this study, the P2 pulse energy was precisely controlled to identify an operating window that ensures complete ETL removal while minimizing TCO damage, and the impact of this pulse-energy variation on perovskite stability was simultaneously investigated, revealing that excessive energy accelerates peripheral thermal decomposition. To further suppress laser-induced degradation of the TCO, a thin PCBM protection layer was introduced between TCO and
ETL, which mitigated damage and improved the electrical properties of the module. In addition, the correlation between perovskite absorption at 532 nm and laser–material interaction was examined, showing that higher absorption enhances laser responsiveness and enables effective patterning at lower pulse energy, thereby reducing heat-induced degradation near the P2 region.
Finally, based on the optimized P2 processing conditions, the module architecture was refined by optimizing the sub-cell configuration and implementing a high–GFF patterning design, which alleviated the trade-off between series and shunt resistances and improved current collection and stability.
By integrating optimized P2 processing, protection-layer engineering, and high-GFF structural design, a PCE of 23.26% was achieved for a 24.5 cm² PSM, along with stable photostability over 100 hours.