Isopropylphenidate (IPH) is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and a structural analogue of methylphenidate (MPH), widely used for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treatment. Psychostimulants are well known to exhibit addictive-li...
Isopropylphenidate (IPH) is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and a structural analogue of methylphenidate (MPH), widely used for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treatment. Psychostimulants are well known to exhibit addictive-like properties primarily through dopaminergic system. IPH has recently been regulated as a controlled substance due to its pharmacological similarity to methamphetamine (METH) and several side effects. However, the addictive properties of IPH and its underlying mechanism in the dopaminergic system have not been fully understood. In this study, I evaluated the abuse potential of IPH using the conditioned place preference (CPP) and behavioral sensitization (BS) paradigms in mice. To further investigate the involvement of dopaminergic signaling, I administered dopamine receptor antagonists during the CPP and BS, and selectively inhibited dopamine D1 receptors (D1DR)-expressing medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) via chemogenetic approach in separate cohorts in the CPP. Moreover, I measured dopamine concentration and the expression levels of dopamine-related proteins in the NAc and the VTA using molecular experiments such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blot and immunofluorescence. The results demonstrated that IPH administration significantly increased CPP scores in both male and female mice. Moreover, acute administration of IPH produced hyperlocomotion. In the BS test, repeated IPH exposure induced robust BS and exhibited IPH-primed expression of locomotor sensitization following withdrawal phase. Notably, SCH23390, a D1 receptor antagonist, blocked both IPH-induced CPP and the expression of BS, whereas raclopride, a D2 receptor antagonist, had no effect. Furthermore, chemogenetic inhibition of D1R-MSNs using Gi-coupled designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) prevented the expression of IPH-induced CPP. At the molecular level, IPH administration elevated dopamine concentrations in both the NAc and the VTA, which subsequently led to the activation of D1DR downstream signaling pathway in the NAc. These dopaminergic alterations were accompanied by increased c-Fos positive neurons and DAT levels in the NAc, and decreased TH levels in the VTA. Crucially, the blockade of D1DR attenuated these molecular alterations in the NAc and the VTA. Taken together, these results suggest that IPH induces addiction-related behaviors through modulation of the dopaminergic pathway, primarily via D1DR-dependent signaling.