In recent years, semiconductor packaging has increasingly adopted heterogeneous integration (HI), higher I/O density, and thinner profiles to satisfy the demands of Physical AI servers, edge devices, and other advanced systems. During processes such a...
In recent years, semiconductor packaging has increasingly adopted heterogeneous integration (HI), higher I/O density, and thinner profiles to satisfy the demands of Physical AI servers, edge devices, and other advanced systems. During processes such as reflow and epoxy molding compound (EMC) encapsulation, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch among constituent materials induces residual warpage. Because these warped packages are eventually mounted on boards that themselves deform, it is essential to understand their combined influence on reliability.
In this work, we address this issue by combining 3D digital image correlation (DIC) for global warpage measurement with micro-2D DIC for local strain evaluation, thereby enabling both qualitative and quantitative correlation between the two scales. By comparing the DIC measurements with finite element analysis (FEA), we further verified that the observed warpage and strain responses show consistent trends. First, global warpage of a ball grid array (BGA) package was evaluated for the chip-level and board-level samples separately. The measurement was conducted at 125°C to investigate the deformation under high temperature of JEDEC standard temperature testing condition. Second, cross-sectional micro-2D DIC was applied to the outermost solder joints on boards with different printed circuit board (PCB) thicknesses to quantify local normal and shear strains. When the PCB thickness was reduced by 50%, the relative global warpage increased by 205%, whereas the maximum principal strain at the outermost joint decreased by 27.4%. Conversely, increasing PCB thickness suppressed warpage by 35.2% but raised the local maximum principal strain by 30.0%.
This experimental framework makes it possible to identify warpage-induced stress-concentration regions and to obtain mechanistic insight into the deformation behavior of board-level packages. The results demonstrate a clear trade-off between global warpage and local strain and provide a basis for predicting warpage–strain responses as functions of design parameters and for formulating reliability-driven design guidelines.