Li- and Mn-rich layered oxides are recognized as one of the most promising cathode candidates for next-generation lithium-ion batteries, exhibiting high capacity through the combined redox processes of transition metals and lattice oxygen. Nevertheles...
Li- and Mn-rich layered oxides are recognized as one of the most promising cathode candidates for next-generation lithium-ion batteries, exhibiting high capacity through the combined redox processes of transition metals and lattice oxygen. Nevertheless, their practical utilization is constrained by several critical issues, among which the fundamental origin of initial capacity loss (ICL) is still not well established. Although activation of the Li2MnO3 component has frequently been correlated with ICL, a comprehensive assessment for each element and its contribution to capacity loss has not been fully understood. In this study, the element-specific origins of ICL are investigated. Electrochemical characterization is coupled with X-ray analyses to clarify the individual redox contribution of each element and its associated structural evolution. The results demonstrate that oxygen redox, indispensable for high capacity, induces structural rearrangements, gas release, and surface degradation, contributing the most to ICL. A constant voltage step applied after the discharge process reveals that the irrecoverable oxygen capacity loss is dominant at the high voltage of 4.8 V. Meanwhile, Ni and Mn show little to no contribution to the ICL. Ni redox is predominantly reversible, but at high voltage, it facilitates additional oxygen activation by ligand-to-metal charge transfer. Mn reduction is pronounced during discharge, leading to a smaller electrochemical ICL than the oxygen capacity loss. This work establishes the element-resolved origin of ICL of Li- and Mn-rich layered oxides, offering clear guidance for future cathode design.