The continuous miniaturization of fine-pitch interconnections in advanced semiconductor devices has increased the importance of achieving both mechanical and interfacial reliability in Cu pillar bump structures. Owing to their slender geometry and exc...
The continuous miniaturization of fine-pitch interconnections in advanced semiconductor devices has increased the importance of achieving both mechanical and interfacial reliability in Cu pillar bump structures. Owing to their slender geometry and excellent electrical conductivity, Cu pillar bumps have become a core technology in high-bandwidth packaging such as HBM. However, as the bump diameter and solder volume continue to decrease, process-induced defects and interfacial degradation become critical reliability concerns.
This study investigates the influence of electroplating current density on the microstructural evolution and mechanical behavior of Cu/Ni/Cu/SnAg (CNCS) micro-bump interconnections. Test vehicles were fabricated according to the JEDEC HBM base-die specification with a 28-µm critical dimension and 35-µm reflow height. Cu electroplating was performed at current densities ranging from 3 to 13 A/dm², and the resulting Cu pillars were characterized by EBSD, SEM, and FIB to analyze grain morphology and orientation. Mechanical reliability was evaluated through Vickers hardness and shear testing, supported by finite-element simulations to visualize stress localization at the bump interface.
At low current density, the Cu pillar exhibited large columnar grains with a dominant (111) orientation, smooth sidewalls, and high shear strength. As the current density increased, grain size was refined due to enhanced nucleation under higher overpotential, which increased hardness but simultaneously promoted undercut formation during seed-layer etching. Finite-element results confirmed that the undercut region served as a major stress-concentration site, causing a transition in fracture mode from bulk cohesive to interfacial delamination.
These findings demonstrate that electroplating current density governs both the intrinsic strength and interfacial stability of Cu pillars. While higher current density strengthens the Cu layer through grain refinement, excessive overpotential deteriorates sidewall integrity. Thus, optimizing the electroplating current density and post-etch control is essential to achieve reliable CNCS micro-bumps for fine-pitch interconnection in advanced packaging applications.