Presumptive tests for blood and semen, while not mandatory in forensic investigations, are useful for improving initial on-site decision-making and the efficiency of subsequent evidence collection. However, conventional tests are limited by poor reage...
Presumptive tests for blood and semen, while not mandatory in forensic investigations, are useful for improving initial on-site decision-making and the efficiency of subsequent evidence collection. However, conventional tests are limited by poor reagent stability, multistep procedures, and false-positive reactions. To address these limitations, this study developed and forensically evaluated presumptive test systems for blood and semen, termed Bld-ID and Sem-ID.
The blood presumptive test system, Bld-ID, employs a single-step colorimetric reaction based on 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and cumene hydroperoxide (CHP). Both solution-based and paper-based formats reliably detected blood up to a 1:3,125 dilution. Although its absolute sensitivity was lower than that of Hemastix® and URiSCAN®, Bld-ID showed higher sensitivity than Peroxtesmo KM paper and markedly fewer false-positive reactions. The paper-based format remained stable for more than six months, while the solution-based format was most stable under frozen storage, and the feasibility of conversion into a lyophilized bead format was also confirmed. Despite partial DNA recovery loss, degradation index values were maintained, and full short tandem repeat (STR) profiles were obtained when sufficient DNA was available.
The semen presumptive test system, Sem-ID, was established as a two-step colorimetric assay using phenolphthalein bisphosphate (PBP). Time-dependent sensitivity was achieved using a PBP–NaOAc buffer (pH 5.1–5.2) followed by pH 13 NaOH, enabling detection up to 1:625 at 3 min and 1:3,125 at extended reaction times. Under the standardized 3-min condition, both formats provided reliable detection with sufficient specificity and two-week stability. DNA quantity and integrity were preserved following Sem-ID treatment, although further validation of STR profiling consistency is required.
Overall, Bld-ID and Sem-ID provide field-oriented presumptive test systems with practical sensitivity, stability, and compatibility with downstream DNA analysis, offering robust alternatives to conventional forensic presumptive tests.